Kategorie-Archiv: Offene Brüder

Ein Sonett auf Henry Craik

Geschichte, Großbritannien, Offene Brüder, , , ,

Es ist frappierend zu sehen, wie sehr Henry Craik nach seinem Tod von seinen Zeitgenossen gefeiert wurde und welche Prominenz er demnach zu Lebzeiten genossen haben muss – Vergleichbares ist mir im British Newspaper Archive sonst nur noch bei Georg Müller und Robert Chapman begegnet. Schon einen Tag nach seiner Beerdigung bot der Bristoler Buchhändler und Drucker William Mack Porträtfotos von Craik zum Kauf an:

1866-01-31 The Western Daily Press 1 (Craik)
The Western Daily Press, 31. Januar 1866, S. 1

Drei Tage später, also heute vor genau 150 Jahren, erschien in der Western Daily Press sogar ein Nachruf in Sonettform – eine solche Ehre dürfte nur den wenigsten „Brüdern“ zuteilgeworden sein:

1866-02-03 The Western Daily Press 3 (Craik)
The Western Daily Press, 3. Februar 1866, S. 3

Henry Craiks Beerdigung

Geschichte, Großbritannien, Offene Brüder, , , , ,
craik2
Henry Craik (1805–1866)

Heute vor 150 Jahren wurde Henry Craik auf dem Friedhof Arno’s Vale in Bristol beigesetzt. Auch darüber berichtete die Western Daily Press in größter Ausführlichkeit (31. Januar 1866, S. 3):

FUNERAL OF REV. HENRY CRAIK.

A stranger visiting Bristol yesterday could not fail to observe that a funeral ceremony of unusual importance engaged the attention of the citizens. The leading streets and thoroughfares were occupied by groups waiting to see or to join the procession which carried, in sad solemnity, the body of a beloved minister to the grave. The route was a long one of four miles, extending from Hampton Park to Arno’s Vale. The funeral left Mr Craik’s residence about 10.30, but it was after twelve when the long line of carriages – the longest ever seen upon a like occasion – reached the cemetery, where hundreds had been waiting for hours in the rain and cold of a gloomy, wintry morning. The weather must, of course, have deterred many from going out, but at every part of the route the funeral was met by sympathising spectators. In Queen’s Road, at the Triangle, a body of ministers and friends joined it. At Counterslip we observed a large number of the workmen of the great sugar-house1 – many of them had been accustomed to Mr Craik’s ministrations in the room provided for the purpose at the works, and they evidently felt the loss which they had sustained. At the railway station and other parts, cabs and carriages filled with ladies in mourning testified to the feeling in which Mr Craik’s memory was held. As might be supposed, the other name associated with Mr Craik’s for the long series of 34 years – the name of George Muller – was frequently in the minds of the mourners, and many expected to see him yesterday. He could not attend, owing to severe indisposition, which has kept him for two or three Sundays away from his usual public duties. We may be sure, however, that no one more sincerely mourned the loss of “Brother Craik,” as he always styled him, than the great founder and director of the Ashley Down Orphan Houses.

At the cemetery it was found impossible to admit even a small proportion of the immense crowd seeking admission to the chapel – a crowd which extended beyond the portico and spread itself over the cemetery, waiting patiently for a glimpse of the coffin as it was carried to the grave. Major Tireman2, a prominent and able preacher among “the Brethren,” was chosen to officiate in the chapel, and the Rev. Mr Victor, of Clevedon, at the grave.

The chief mourners were the three sons of the deceased, Mr Conrad Finzel3, Major Tireman, Messrs Howland, Acland, Rickards, C. Lemon, and the Rev. Mr Victor. Eight deacons of the Bethesda Chapel were present, viz., Messrs Martin, Butler4, Feltham5, Pocock, Withey6, Jos. Matthews, Isaac, and Captain Beecher. In the other coaches were the Revs. Aitchison, Robinson, and Larkins, and Messrs Horne, Davis, Wright, B. Perry, Jno. Thomas (Clevedon), B. Thomas, Elliot Armstrong, Wm. Stancombe, Hatchard, Shoobridge, Chapman (Barnstaple), Hake (Bideford), Lawford, and Hallett. In a carriage in the procession were Mrs Muller and her two sisters, and nearly 30 private carriages followed in the rear. Amongst those who had joined in the procession to show their respect for the deceased, were the Revs. N. Haycroft, M. Dickie, R. E. May, H. I. Roper, E. Probert, R. P. Macmaster, J. Tayler, T. A. Wheeler, Dr. Gotch, D. A. Doudney, E. J. Hartland, U. Thomas, and Messrs H. O. Wills, F. Wills, Griffiths, Grundy, Gould, Mack, Poole, G. W. Isaac, Batchelor, &c. When the coffin had been deposited in the chapel, Major Tireman, having read the latter portion of the 15th chapter of 1st Corinthians, and offered up prayer, founded an address upon the 13th verse of the 14th chapter of Revelations: “And I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, write – Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord from henceforth: yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labours; and their works do follow them.” He remarked that when the beloved disciple John heard that voice from heaven under circumstances of humiliation and depression, the companions of tribulation, he was led to see far greater revelations of the coming kingdom and glory of the Lord whom he loved than he had ever experienced before. So they might believe that the cloud of great and deep sorrow under which they were labouring would be made subservient to a deeper spiritual experience and a deeper spiritual joy. It was not said blessed are the dead. There was nothing blessed in death – it was the struggle with the last enemy that had to be destroyed – it was a penalty to be paid even by every redeemed son of Adam because of sin. The reason of the blessedness was that they “died in the Lord.” Of whom could they with greater truth say this than of their beloved brother? They had, indeed, the comfort and satisfaction of knowing that he died in the Lord. They had a comfortable assurance that he lived in Him, and that was to them an assurance that he died in Him and inherited His blessings. If it could be said of anyone that he lived in the Lord it could surely be said of him whose remains, surrounded by the accompaniments of sorrow and death, were present in their midst: eminently he lived in the Lord, and to him to die was gain. This was the testimony of thousands, and it was not only written in the hearts of those present, but it was a living epistle known and read of all men. Little did he (Major Tireman) think when last in that place, to witness the consignment to the silent tomb of their brother, Mr Hale7, who was suddenly taken in the midst of his labours, and when he heard their dear brother address them, that he himself would be the next to go; and much less that he should occupy that place and speak a few words over his remains. But God’s ways were inscrutable, and he (Mr Muller) who was his colleague so long – who was his friend and companion so many years – was himself unable by sickness to perform those last duties. Might God long spare him, and not add sorrow to their sorrow. Pleasant and lovely were they in their lives, and in death they were not divided. He was laid aside in God’s providence, and this alone prevented him from paying a last testimony to their brother. He (the speaker) was there because Mr Muller, and the family of the deceased, would have it to be so – not as one worthy to address them – but as one who yielded to none in respect for the character and integrity of life of him with whom he had been united for 15 years in the closest ties of friendship. The delight of our eyes was gone. Of him it might be truly said – Si monumentum quæris, circumspice – “If you seek his monument, look around” – in the sorrowing hearts and tearful eyes of the thousands of sorrowing sons and daughters of the Lord. Surely when he fell a pillar was broken in the house of our God. They had lost one who for 40 years devoted his life to the services of his God and Master. All his vast energies, and qualifications, and endowments were employed for one purpose – that of making more and more clear the Word of God. He lived for one purpose, and died for one purpose. The great delight and consolation of his soul was to make clear the Word of God, and he rejoiced in displaying its untold beauties to others. He left, like Peter, no legacy to the church, but he leaves his name, his works, his character, his example, as a lasting heritage. He combined fervent piety and zeal with childlike simplicity. His very sensitiveness and acute sensibilities may have been a hindrance to the work he was engaged in carrying on. He could not go from house to house without deep feeling on the occasions of sorrow to which he was called to minister. If his character was aspersed he was never moved to any unchristian feeling, much less to any unchristian act. “He was a good man and full of the Holy Ghost, and through him much people were added to the Lord.” His loss had made sincere mourners of them all. They would not be able to feel it as they desired just then; but they would feel it in days and years to come, and feel it deeply. They rejoiced, however, in his blessedness, and in the rest he had from his labours. He had gone to realise the full enjoyment of those truths in which he believed here, and on his dying bed his eyes lighted up with fire at the prospect of being in the fellowship of the blessed. Could they look upon his last remains and their sorrows not be moved? This was the last they should ever see of their much-beloved brother, whose presence they had so often welcomed and which had struck joy into so many hearts. Never again would those lips speak the words which flowed from him like rivers of living water. Never again would those eyes light up with fire and that tongue become the pen of a ready writer, and those hands be lifted up, as they were when he spoke of things concerning the King. Never again would his footsteps fall on the threshold of that place wherein they all so loved to hear them fall, and where he so often gave good counsel and advice. Should their sorrows not be moved? Never again would they hear his little cough with which he entered the room, and which gave an indication of his presence amongst them. Could they think of such things and not sorrow? Major Tireman, having given a few words of earnest and affectionate exhortation to the bereaved widow and family of the deceased, concluded with prayer his deeply-affecting discourse, which was imperfectly heard in the crowd and pressure.

The coffin was then removed to the grave, and, having been lowered in the earth, the Rev. Mr Victor, of Clevedon, addressed the assembly in an earnest and Christian manner. He said the grave over which they met was hallowed, because the sting of death was taken away from him who now was lying within it. The grave was hallowed because of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ, who had made it impossible for this tomb to retain their brother now committed to it. “I am,” said the blessed Saviour, “He that liveth, and was dead, and behold, I am alive for evermore, and have the keys of death and Hades.” “I am the resurrection and the life, he that believeth in Me shall never die.” On this dreary, wintry day, whilst this body was committed to the tomb, the spirit that in-dwelt in it was soaring on high – a lovely bird of Paradise, hymning hallelujahs in the bosom of their blessed Lord. These were hallowed remains in this hallowed grave, because the body was redeemed as well as the soul by the precious blood of Christ – the body was once in-dwelt by the Holy Ghost, through whose power its senses were engaged and employed for their Master in the skies. The eyes saw for Christ, the lips spake for Christ, the hands were lifted in the service of Christ, and in intercession for many. Hallowed memories gathered around this grave. The memory of the just is blessed. There was the remembrance of their brother as a devoted husband in the Lord – a fond father, a faithful servant of the risen Son of God, who declared the whole counsel of God – a brother beloved, who was constrained to love all who loved the Lord Jesus. Hallowed memories were here, of words faithfully spoken to saints and sinners, of prayers offered in deep affection and fervent desire, of a consistent life maintained by the grace of God. Besides these hallowed memories they had hallowed hopes. Here lay a sower of the seed. For many years the precious seed of God’s truth had been cast by him into the hearts of the sons of men. Fruit had appeared, but the righteous had hope in his death, and the abundant harvest was yet to be seen. How many would be a crown of rejoicing to their brother in the day of the Lord. They had hallowed hopes – they sorrowed not as those without hope. They were anticipating the coming day, the morning without a cloud, when these remains should come up, because of their union with Christ, and spring into beauteous immortality. The spirit that in-dwelt in the body would then be re-united with the body, and they who were the children of God would then with that glorified saint cast their crowns at the Redeemer’s feet, and their immortal lips join with him in ascribing for ever and ever “Salvation to our God who sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb.” He (Mr Victor) would affectionately ask, before they separated, could they who were mourning say, “For me to live is Christ, and to die is gain?” Had they peace through the blood of Christ? Did they know the power of the resurrection in creating them anew, and raising their expectations, and causing them to long for the return of their beloved Lord. If not, might God grant that the prayer just now offered might be answered, that their beloved brother, though dead, might yet speak to them. Mr Victor then offered up prayer, and the mourners having taken a last look upon the coffin – the inscription-plate of which simply bore the name, age, and date of death of the deceased – the vast assemblage left the cemetery. We do not remember a funeral which called forth such unfeigned marks of sorrow and respect.

150. Todestag von Henry Craik

Geschichte, Großbritannien, Offene Brüder, , , ,
craik
Henry Craik (1805–1866)

Heute vor 150 Jahren starb in Clifton (einem Vorort von Bristol) der engste Freund und Mitarbeiter Georg Müllers, Henry Craik, im noch nicht sehr fortgeschrittenen Alter von 60 Jahren. Über sein Leben habe ich bereits 2010 einen Wikipedia-Artikel geschrieben, sodass ich hier auf einen biografischen Abriss verzichte;1 stattdessen möchte ich die Aufmerksamkeit auf die erstaunlich ausführliche Presseberichterstattung lenken, die sein Tod auslöste.

Die Bristoler Tageszeitung The Western Daily Press widmete Craik am 24. Januar 1866 gleich zwei lange Artikel. Auf Seite 2 hieß es unter der Rubrik “Topics of the Day”:

One of the most devoted, learned, and amiable labourers in the Christian vineyard, the Rev. Henry Craik, passed from his labours into eternal rest late on Monday evening, in this city. Under date March 29, 1832, there is the following entry in the Narrative of the deceased gentleman’s fellow-labourer, Mr Müller, so well known throughout the Christian world as the founder of the Ashley Down Asylum for Orphans: – “I went to Shaldon this morning; brother Craik has left for Bristol for four weeks. I think he will only return to take leave, and that the Lord will give him work there. [What a remarkable presentiment, which came to pass, concerning my beloved brother and fellow-labourer.]” From that period, if we except the short interval of leave-taking which Mr Craik spent with his former flock at Shaldon and Teignmouth, he has, until struck down by his last painful illness, devoted himself to the work of the Christian ministry in Bristol with a zeal which nothing could damp; and we only state the simple truth when we say that while he was beloved by the people who had the benefit of his ministrations he won by his pure, consistent, Christian life, and by the devotion with which he threw all his energies into the performance of his work, the warmest esteem and the deepest respect of persons of all creeds capable of appreciating worth of more than an ordinarily rare kind. In another column a narrative of Mr Craik’s life will be found. It is necessarily imperfect, as indeed it is impossible to do justice to such a life within the brief limits of a newspaper article. He laboured long in this city, and the spirit in which he laboured and the faith with which he rested upon the promises of the Master, whom he served for the means necessary to enable him to prosecute his labours, were purely apostolic. Ever since, and for some time before, he came to Bristol, Mr Craik, like the colleague who now mourns his loss, depended for his living upon the willingness of the people to whom he ministered. With a faith which we need not say is rarely exhibited in these doubting days, he trusted not in man, but in God, for the “food and raiment” which he required. The dominant thought of his life was not how he might increase his store of the goods of this world, but how he could best promote the spiritual interests of his fellow-men. One, if not more than one, of the universities of his native country, on two occasions, offered him, as a mark of appreciation of his rare scholarship, the degree of D.D., but on both occasions he declined the honour. His modesty was as conspicuous as his worth, and his memory will dwell long in the hearts of all who had the privilege of his acquaintance.

Das angekündigte Lebensbild folgte auf Seite 3:

DEATH OF REV. HENRY CRAIK.

Our readers will receive this announcement, we feel sure, with deep and unfeigned sorrow. A truly good man – a great man, in the sense of high intellectual as well as high moral qualities – has been removed from us, after 34 years’ service as a devoted Christian minister in this city. Mr Craik’s death was not unexpected. A painful illness had confined him for several months to his house. In the summer, when upon an excursion in Scotland, the symptoms of a wasting internal disorder became apparent by increased feebleness and incapacity for study. Medical advice was sought; but it was not until he returned home to his residence in Hampton Park, Redland, and had consulted his own medical attendant (Mr Burleigh), along with Dr. Symonds, that a correct diagnosis was obtained. It was then found that Mr Craik was suffering from collapse of the pylorus – a disease always dangerous and difficult of cure, and one which soon showed the usual effects in his case. When the writer saw him, some three months since, he was painfully struck by the sad change in Mr Craik’s appearance. Although he was then able to drive out a little, he was a mere shadow of his former self; he was debarred from reading – a severe deprivation of one of his chief pleasures – he could not even bear the excitement of another reading to him, except at infrequent intervals, and he seemed altogether like a man who was slowly nearing the last stage of decay and dissolution. Yet his old cheerfulness and geniality were but slightly diminished; while his confidence in the end, his faith, his hope, were expressed in the same unaffected, unfaltering, manly tone and manner which always characterised him. To meet death was not to meet an enemy of whom he was afraid – it was to meet the conqueror of death, the Master whom he had served so lovingly, so cheerfully, and so acceptably, as many can testify in this city and elsewhere. Mr Craik lingered on, gradually growing weaker and weaker, until Monday night, when he died very calmly and peacefully. About nine o’clock a change was observed by his family, and an intimate friend and neighbour (Mr Charles Lemon) was sent for. The pulse was found to be gradually falling, and at 11.23 it ceased. It is common enough to praise men when they are dead, and to indulge indiscriminate laudations of them. Of all this Mr Craik had an instinctive abhorrence. Himself without a particle of pride or affectation – although he had, being among the first linguists in England, much to be proud of – he turned with surprise and regret at the assumption of superiority in others, especially when he knew, as he easily could know, that it was pretentious and unwarranted. We are only employing, however, the language of truth and soberness, when we say that Henry Craik’s religion was of the loftiest and purest description – that it was untarnished by worldly considerations, and that it combined as much of the spiritual and human nature in felicitous proportion as we have ever found or expect to find again. His very simplicity and child-like trustfulness charmed all classes. His piety, never ostentatious, never bordering upon personal merit, was so transparent that you could not help feeling and recognising its power and influence. The priestly character he could not assume, nor the perfunctory style of duty which some who disown the title of priest are apt to fall into. His whole life, his very soul, he gave entirely to the service of his Master and the welfare of his fellow-creatures. As he lived, so he died, in faith and hope. Who that knew him doubts his destiny? Of some men we may have doubts – of Henry Craik we can think only as we think of the saints and martyrs who walked for a while upon earth in a pilgrim’s journey to Heaven. Thousands will sorrow after him – his bereaved flock, and especially his self-sacrificing colleague, Mr George Muller, with whom he commenced his ministry in Bristol, and who regarded him in the truest sense as a brother. By the whole Christian community of this great city his memory will be cherished with affection, his character will be reverenced, and his life and labours will long be remembered with admiration and gratitude.

By the first part of Mr Muller’s “Narrative,” we find that Mr Craik left Teignmouth, where he then was a minister among “The Brethren,”2 for Bristol, on a visit of four weeks, on the 29th March, 1832. Mr Muller states that “it was there [Teignmouth] that I became (in 1829) acquainted with my beloved brother, friend, and present fellow-labourer, Henry Craik.” Mr Muller, at Mr Craik’s solicitations, followed him to Bristol, and on the 22nd April preached at Gideon Chapel, then occupied by the Brethren.3 It is well known that these remarkable men made a wonderful impression during this their first visit to the city. An entry of the “Narrative,” dated April 29, 1832, says: – “Brother Craik preached this evening at Gideon for the last time previous to our going. The aisles, the pulpit stairs, and the vestry were filled, and multitudes went away on account of the want of room.” The next entry, May 15, shows the decision to accept the invitation to settle in Bristol. “Just when I was in prayer,” writes Mr Muller, “concerning Bristol, I was sent for to come to brother Craik. Two letters had arrived from Bristol. The brethren assembling at Gideon accept our offer to come, under the conditions we have made, i.e., for the present to consider us only as ministering among them, but not in any fixed pastoral relationship, so that we may preach as we consider it to be according to the mind of God, without reference to any rules among them; that the pew-rents should be done away with; and that we should go on, respecting the supply of our temporal wants, as in Devonshire.” This last sentence means a great deal. In Devonshire these truly apostolic men literally laboured “without money and without price.” Occasionally they were reduced to such straits as to have neither money nor food; yet their wants were always supplied, without appealing for aid to friends or neighbours. They made no bargain in Bristol for salaries or residences. “A cheap lodging” at 18s a-week, consisting of two sitting-rooms and three bed-rooms, was deemed sufficient for them and their families. It was the year of the cholera, and during four months they held every morning a prayer meeting at Gideon, from six to eight o’clock, at which from two to three hundred people were present. Mr Muller says: “Though brother Craik and I visited many cholera cases, by day and by night, yet the Lord most graciously preserved our families from it.” That Mr Muller fully estimated Mr Craik’s preaching power may be seen by an entry of Oct. 1st, 1833: – “Many more are convinced of sin through brother Craik’s preaching than my own. This circumstance led me to inquire into the reasons, which are probably these: – 1. That brother Craik is more spiritually minded than I am. 2. That he prays more earnestly for the conversion of sinners than I do. 3. That he more frequently addresses sinners, as such, in his public ministrations, than I do.” Mr Craik’s preaching drew a large and intelligent congregation to Bethesda Chapel, Great George Street – this place of worship having been secured when Gideon was found inadequate. It was not popular preaching, being deficient in manner and style, and without any of the gaudy rhetoric which is commonly relied on to fill chapels. Mr Craik had but one object in view – to instruct and impress his hearers, and in this he always succeeded. No one could complain that Mr Craik did not understand the text on which he preached. Whatever the subject might be Mr Craik was certain to master it thoroughly. His language was chaste and scholarly. Words singularly forcible and apposite were employed to convey his meaning upon topics to which he had given special attention. Frequently there was much warmth, always great earnestness, in his pulpit addresses and his prayers. Many thoughtful and pious members of the Church of England were drawn to Bethesda Chapel on the Sunday evenings to hear Mr Craik, and were not the least sincere among his numerous admirers. Mr Craik also preached, alternately with Mr Muller, at Salem Chapel.

Our own idea is, that Mr Craik’s forte was the professor’s chair rather than the pulpit. As a Hebraist he had few equals, still fewer could be named as his superiors; and among his friends and correspondents were some of the first scholars and divines of the day, including our own diocesan (Bishop Ellicott), with whom a strong intimacy was maintained, – the Bishop being fully alive to the extent and variety of Mr Craik’s learning and ability. Mr Craik had been a pupil, at Edinburgh University, of the late Dr. Chalmers, and was educated as a clergyman of the Church of Scotland, in which his brother (Rev. Dr. Craik, of Glasgow) occupies a conspicuous position. But the trammels of Presbyterianism were over much for him, and he became a decided Nonconformist, embracing the Congregational form of church polity. His habits, however, were too retiring to allow him to mingle in controversial strife. Only once do we remember his appearing in public to give his views on the connexion of Church and State. It was in 1860, at the Broadmead Rooms. A correspondence followed in these columns, his opponent being a well-known clergyman who figured on the same side at the July election of members of Parliament.

Mr Craik, while an active pastor, was also a frequent writer. His principal works are: “Principia Hebraica;” “The Distinguishing Characteristics and Essential Relationships of the Leading Languages of Asia and Europe;” “The Hebrew Language, its History and Characteristics;” “Hints and Suggestions on the Proposed Revision of our English Bible;” “Reply to certain Misrepresentations contained in Essays and Reviews;” “Pastoral Letters;” “An Amended Translation of the Epistle to the Hebrews;” “The Popery of Protestantism,” &c.

We understand that Mr Craik kept a diary, in which he has given the leading events of his interesting career, his correspondence and intercourse with eminent men of his time, and an account of the establishing of that great national institution, the Ashley Down Orphan Houses. This will shortly be published, we believe, and will form a valuable history of the thirty-four years’ life and labours of Mr Muller and Mr Craik – two of the most remarkable men, two of the most honoured servants of the Church of Christ, who have ever appeared in this or any other country.

Auf derselben Seite findet sich unter der Rubrik “Deaths” noch folgende knappe Notiz:

On the 22nd inst., at Holyrood Villa, Hampton Park, Clifton, the Rev. HENRY CRAIK, deeply and sincerely regretted by a wide circle of friends and admirers.

Über Craiks Beerdigung am 30. Januar erschien in der Western Daily Press ebenfalls ein ausführlicher Bericht, den ich mir für einen separaten Blogeintrag aufhebe.

200. Geburtstag von Lord Cavan

Geschichte, Großbritannien, Offene Brüder, , , , , , , ,
Frederick John William Lambart, 8th Earl of Cavan

Frederick John William Lambart, der 8. Earl of Cavan, gehört ähnlich wie George Frederic Trench oder Henry Heath zu den hierzulande weniger bekannten „Chief Men“ der britisch-irischen Offenen Brüder. Er wurde heute vor 200 Jahren in Fawley (Hampshire) an der Südküste Englands geboren.

Lambarts Eltern waren George Lambart, Viscount Kilcoursie, der älteste überlebende Sohn des 7. Earl of Cavan, und seine Frau Sarah geb. Coppin. Beide starben früh – die Mutter 1823 und der Vater 1828 –, sodass Frederick bereits mit 13 Jahren Vollwaise war. Von 1829 bis 1833 besuchte er die bekannte Eliteschule in Eton, anschließend trat er ins 7. Dragonerregiment ein, das damals in Irland stationiert war. In Dublin besorgte er sich 1835 zum ersten Mal in seinem Leben eine Bibel.

1837 starb Fredericks Großvater Richard Lambart, der 7. Earl of Cavan. Da sein Sohn George, der eigentliche Anwärter auf den Titel des 8. Earl,1 ebenfalls schon verstorben war, ging der Titel direkt auf den knapp 22-jährigen Enkel Frederick über. Acht Monate später heiratete dieser in London die 21-jährige Caroline Augusta Littleton, eine Tochter des Politikers Edward John Littleton, 1. Baron Hatherton.2 Die beiden bekamen mindestens acht Kinder, von denen allerdings drei früh starben.3

Von 1839 bis 1844 hielten sich die Cavans vorwiegend auf dem europäischen Kontinent auf; einen Winter verbrachten sie in Frankfurt, einen Sommer in Bad Ems, danach zwei Jahre in München. Hier begann Lord Cavan, angeregt u.a. durch einen Brief seines Schwagers Charles Evelyn Pierrepont, Viscount Newark, mit einem systematischen Studium der Bibel. Zurück in England, schloss er sich den „Brüdern“ an, denen er bis zu seinem Lebensende verbunden blieb (nach 1848 den Offenen Brüdern). 1846 war er an der Gründung der Evangelischen Allianz beteiligt.

Ab 1864 sah sich Lord Cavan zunehmend in den Predigt- und Evangelisationsdienst berufen. Sein Biograf in Chief Men among the Brethren beschreibt seinen Predigtstil wie folgt:

Quiet in manner, with little action, and no attempt to seem a striking preacher, with his Bible in one hand and his eyeglass in the other, confidence in the Lord gave power to what he spoke. “I am,” he would say, “only a plain man; but I speak what I know.” He might begin without giving the impression of much power; but after a little, with his heart yearning over those he addressed, his tender manner became full of energy, his tones earnest, and his words very solemn. The true end of preaching was reached; his hearers felt that, whether for life of death, Lord Cavan’ s testimony was a message from God.4

1866 lud Lord Cavan, der seit 1860 in Weston-super-Mare wohnte, den Evangelisten Lord Radstock (1833–1913) zum Predigen dorthin ein. Es entstand eine kleine Erweckung, bei der u.a. Friedrich Wilhelm Baedeker (1823–1906) zum Glauben kam. Besonders am Herzen lag dem Ehepaar Cavan auch der Nachbarort Milton (heute ein Stadtteil von Weston); hier kümmerten sie sich finanziell um die Armen, und Lord Cavan ließ einen Missionssaal errichten, in dem er selbst oft predigte. Karitativ engagierte er sich ferner auf der irischen Insel Achill, wo er ein Anwesen besaß.

Am 16. Dezember 1887, genau zwei Wochen vor seinem 72. Geburtstag, erlag Lord Cavan in seinem Haus in Weston-super-Mare einer Bronchitis. Über seine Beerdigung am 22. Dezember berichtete der Taunton Courier:

The mortal remains of the late Lord Cavan were interred in the Weston-super-Mare cemetery on Thursday, in the presence of a large concourse of spectators. At 11.30 a.m a short service was held in the Lodge – the residence of deceased – at the conclusion of which the cortège was formed in the following order: – First came the coffin – which was of polished oak with handsome bras [sic] fittings – on which were deposited several handsome floral tributes. Then followed, on foot, the subjoined mourners: Lord Kilcoursie, M.P. (eldest son), Col. the Hon. Oliver Lambert (brother of deceased), Capt. the Hon. A. Lambert (youngest son), Col. Slanden (son.in-law [sic]), the Hon. R. Lambert (Lord Kilcoursie’s eldest son), Col. the Hon. E. Littleton and the Hon. W. Littleton (nephews of the Countess Cavan), Mr Bowens, London (nephew of Lord Cavan), Capt. Broughton (Ampthill), and Mr Nisbet solicitor, London). Next in the procession came several ladies and the servants of the Lodge, all carrying choice wreaths, and these were followed by a large number of the clergy and gentlemen of the town and neighbourhood. In the cemetery chapel a short service was held, in which Mr T. Newbery and Mr A. Rainey took part. Subsequently, at the graveside, Dr Baedeker, Mr Newbury, and the Rev. Colin Campbell (vicar of Christ church), concluded the service, among the spectators of the mournful ceremony being the tenantry of the deceased from Glastonbury and Cannington, Rev. Preb, [sic] Stephenson (Lympsham), Rev. W. H. Turner (Banwell), Mr W. Hurman [Mayor of Bridgwa er [sic]), Mr F. J. Thomson (Bridgwater), Mr B. P. Thomas (Clifton), Capt. West (Clifton), Bev. [sic] J. Ormiston (Bristol), &c. The site of the interment is alongside the graves of three of deceased’s sons, all of whom died in their youth[.] As a mark of respect to the memory of deceased, the prinioal [sic] places of business throughout the town were partially closed during the hour of interment; the Uuion [sic] Jack was flcated [sic] at half-mast on the tower of the parish church, and a muffled peal was rung on the bells of the same parochial edifice.5

Das Lebensbild Lord Cavans aus Chief Men among the Brethren ist online zugänglich, enthält allerdings mehr fromme Redewendungen als konkrete Fakten; informativer ist der Artikel in der englischsprachigen Wikipedia.

Mehr über Henry Heath

Geschichte, Großbritannien, Offene Brüder, , , , , , , , ,

Das meiste, was wir über Henry Heath wissen, verdanken wir Pickerings Chief Men among the Brethren;1 auch spätere Autoren (sofern sie Heath überhaupt erwähnen) schöpfen offenbar vorwiegend aus dieser Quelle.2 Dass in Chief Men ein falsches Todesjahr angegeben wird, habe ich in meinem Beitrag zum 200. Geburtstag Heaths bereits erwähnt; es hätte allerdings auch Pickering selbst schon auffallen können – immerhin waren die Letters of the Late Robert Cleaver Chapman, die Heaths Tod im Januar 1899 belegen, schon 1903 erschienen. Auf eine noch ältere und aufschlussreichere Quelle bin ich erst nach Verfassen meines Blogeintrags gestoßen; es handelt sich um einen Nachruf in der Zeitschrift North Africa vom Februar 1899.

north_africaNorth Africa war das Organ der Anfang der 1880er Jahre gegründeten überkonfessionellen „North Africa Mission“,3 als deren Sekretär der Offene Bruder Edward Henry Glenny (1852–1926) fungierte.4 In seiner regelmäßigen Rubrik “To the Friends of the North Africa Mission” meldete er im Februar 1899 den Tod dreier Freunde der Mission: Philip Gough,5 Henry Heath und William Thomas Berger.6 Der Abschnitt über Heath lautet wie folgt:

In the early hours of the first of January, as the New Year broke, Mr. Henry Heath, another life-long personal friend, reached home. In addition to sometimes helping financially, he was a regular reader of our paper, or it was read to him, and we may rest assured that the work was borne up before the Master whom he loved. He was a devoted, gifted, and eminent servant of Christ, but being very modest and retiring, was not so widely known as he otherwise might have been, though probably a considerable number of our readers may have known him. He was born in the year 1815, and converted early in life. At the age of nineteen he had a serious illness, and it was feared he might die of consumption, but the passage of Scripture, “I shall not die, but live and declare the works of the Lord,” was strongly impressed upon his mind. He was at first a schoolmaster, and then was associated with Mr. Robert Chapman, of Barnstaple, in Christian work. In 1841 he went to labour in Spain, and was in Malaga and Gibraltar for over a year at a time when work in Spain was very much more difficult than at present. He kept up his Spanish reading, though he did not return to that country again. In 1848 he was married, and entered upon Christian work at Hackney, and made this his centre of life and service till 1869. His tall, commanding figure, he must have stood 6 feet 2 or 3 inches, impressed itself vividly on my infant mind; he had an eagle eye, and his face was grave and serious, though it not infrequently relaxed into a pleasant smile. I owe much to his prayers, his holy example, and his calm faith, and now, after sixty or seventy years of service, he has reached home. He was buried at Woolpit, where he resided for the last thirty years, though during the last five years he had moved about rather more.

I was commissioned by members of Mr. Heath’s family to inform Mr. W. T. Berger, of Cannes, of his decease, as they had been closely associated in Christian work at Hackney; but on January 9th, before my letter could reach him, he, too, was called to the presence of the Master.7

Die Beschreibung von Heaths Charakter (“very modest and retiring”) und seinen wichtigsten Lebensstationen stimmt durchaus mit dem Bericht in Chief Men among the Brethren überein; eine ganze Reihe von Informationen sind jedoch völlig neu. Ich fasse sie stichwortartig zusammen:

  • frühe Bekehrung
  • lebensbedrohliche Krankheit im Alter von 19 Jahren
  • Missionseinsatz in Spanien 1841/428
  • Heirat 18489
  • Zusammenarbeit mit William Thomas Berger in Hackney10
  • Unterstützung der „North Africa Mission“
  • Reisetätigkeit in den letzten fünf Lebensjahren

Alles dies war offenbar auch „C. J. H.“, dem Verfasser der Heath-Biografie in Chief Men among the Brethren, nicht bekannt – andernfalls hätte er sicher zumindest einiges davon erwähnt. Auch die spätere Brüdergeschichtsschreibung scheint Glennys Nachruf nicht verarbeitet zu haben, sodass er als veritable (wenn auch kleine) Entdeckung gelten kann.

200. Geburtstag von Henry Heath

Geschichte, Großbritannien, Offene Brüder, , , , , , , ,
heath
Henry Heath

Es gibt „Brüder“, die sozusagen im Rampenlicht der Öffentlichkeit stehen: Sie reisen, halten Vorträge, schreiben Artikel oder Bücher, beeinflussen Entscheidungen. Andere wirken eher im Stillen: lokal begrenzt, ohne großes Aufsehen, aber nicht weniger treu. Ein solcher Bruder war Henry Heath, der heute vor 200 Jahren in Teignmouth (Devon) geboren wurde.

Das Früheste, das wir aus Heaths Leben wissen, ist, dass er um 1839 in dem Dorf Tawstock , etwa 80 km nordwestlich seines Geburtsorts gelegen, als Lehrer eingestellt wurde. Bald machte er Bekanntschaft mit Robert Cleaver Chapman, der im benachbarten Barnstaple seit einigen Jahren eine Gemeinde nach Art der „Brüder“ leitete. Heath besuchte Chapmans Vorträge und lernte hier die Heilige Schrift als inspiriertes und lebendiges Wort Gottes kennen. Die Folge war, dass er seinen Plan, Geistlicher in der anglikanischen Kirche zu werden, aufgab. Er schloss sich der Gemeinde in Barnstaple an und entwickelte sich dort zu einem begabten Prediger und Leiter.1

Um 1848 zog Heath in das Dorf Hackney nordöstlich von London (heute ein Stadtteil Londons), um 1869 dann nach Woolpit, einem entlegenen Dorf in der Grafschaft Suffolk im Osten Englands. Sein Biograf berichtet:

Here this faithful servant of the Lord spent nearly thirty years of his life, putting into practice the text that came so forcibly to him many years previous: “Seekest thou great things for thyself? seek them not” (Jer. 45. 5). Hidden away from the multitude, unseen and unheard by the many, yet through the power of the Holy Spirit being a great blessing to those with whom he came in contact. People from fifteen different villages (some of them six miles away) would come regularly to Woolpit room to have the privilege of sitting under his ministry, and go away refreshed and strengthened.2

Henry Heath starb am 1. Januar 1899 im Alter von 83 Jahren.3 Sein ehemaliger Mentor, der inzwischen 96-jährige Robert Chapman, schrieb zwei Wochen später in einem Brief:

It is well with our dear departed Brother Heath – it is well – it is well. He is with the Lord whom he so loved and so faithfully served, and is looking onward to the gathering together of the redeemed.4

Heaths Name wurde unter den Offenen Brüdern noch lange in Ehren gehalten und häufig in einem Atemzug mit zwei anderen Henrys, Henry Groves und Henry Dyer, genannt.5 Sein Lebensbild aus Chief Men among the Brethren ist online verfügbar.

100. Todestag von George Frederic Trench

Geschichte, Irland, Offene Brüder, , , , , , ,
trench
George Frederic Trench

Wie die meisten britischen und irischen Offenen Brüder der zweiten und dritten Generation ist George Frederic Trench im deutschen Sprachraum kaum bekannt. Er erhielt jedoch einen Platz in Henry Pickerings Chief Men among the Brethren1 – Grund genug, auch an dieser Stelle einmal an ihn zu erinnern.

Trenchs Vater Frederic FitzJohn Trench (1808–1859) war ursprünglich Kavallerieoffizier in Indien und später Pfarrer im irischen Staplestown. George Frederic,2 sein dritter Sohn, wurde am 6. August 1841 geboren. Zum Glauben kam er im Konfirmationsalter durch eine Ansprache des bekannten Erweckungspredigers Henry Grattan Guinness (1835–1910). Während seines Studiums am Trinity College in Dublin, das er mit einem B.A. abschloss, lernte er den gleichaltrigen Robert Anderson (1841–1918) kennen, der ebenfalls ein bekannter Offener Bruder werden sollte und mit dem er zeitlebens freundschaftlich verbunden blieb. Gemeinsam unternahmen sie in den 1860er Jahren erfolgreiche Evangelisationsreisen durch Irland.

1868 heiratete Trench Frances Charlotte Talbot-Crosbie, eine Tochter des Offenen Bruders William Talbot Talbot-Crosbie (1817–1899), und ließ sich an deren Heimatort Ardfert im Südwesten Irlands nieder. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten engagierte er sich stark als Evangelist, Prediger und Autor bei den Offenen Brüdern und darüber hinaus;3 das Christian Brethren Archive verzeichnet 15 Bücher und Schriften von ihm,4 hinzu kommen zahlreiche Beiträge zu den Zeitschriften The Witness, The Christian u.a. Pickering schreibt über seinen Dienst:

Having received clear light on the evil of Sec­tarianism in his younger days, he was clear in heart and ways to the end. No man was more loyal to the truths dear to those who seek to gather in the Worthy Name alone. An ardent worker, a diligent student, an able minister of the Word, ever a friend of the young, and interested in young men, also in policemen, soldiers, and other special branches of work, his influence was most widely extended by his pen.5

George Frederic Trench starb heute vor 100 Jahren und wurde auf dem protestantischen Friedhof von Dublin (Mount Jerome Ceme­tery) begraben. Sein von Pickering verfasstes Lebensbild ist online verfügbar.

Historische Adressbücher der deutschen Brüderbewegung

Deutschland, Geschichte, Geschlossene Brüder, Offene Brüder, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Das antikonfessionelle Selbstverständnis der Brüderbewegung brachte es mit sich, dass einige Jahrzehnte vergingen, bevor (mehr oder weniger offizielle) Versammlungsverzeichnisse erstellt wurden. In Großbritannien scheint dies zuerst 1873 bei den Geschlossenen Brüdern der Fall gewesen zu sein:1 Im Januar dieses Jahres erschien eine 26-seitige List of Meetings, deren Herausgeber sich hinter den (zweifellos pseudonymen) Initialen „Y. Z.“ versteckte, aber immerhin seine Adresse angab. Aktualisierte Auflagen folgten 1877 und 1882. John Nelson Darby betrachtete solche Verzeichnisse eher skeptisch, unternahm aber nichts dagegen:

As to the danger of slipping into sectarianism, that is, making ourselves a body apart, I recognise it fully […]. The printed list of meetings tended to it, for evil slips in unintentionally, and for this reason I never would have anything to say to it, though very convenient, and done with this view.2

Alle drei Ausgaben der List of Meetings verzeichneten in einem unpaginierten Anhang auch ausgewählte Versammlungen im Ausland:

The following is not intended in any way as a complete list. A few only are given, to whom reference can be made.

Aus Deutschland wurden jeweils zehn vorwiegend großstädtische Versammlungen genannt, aber nicht jedes Mal dieselben: Elberfeld, Düsseldorf, Mühlheim (bei Köln), Wiesbaden, Breslau, Stuttgart und Tübingen erschienen in allen Verzeichnissen; 1873 wurden sie um Homberg am Rhein, Offenbach und Mannheim ergänzt, 1877 und 1882 dagegen um Berlin, Hamburg und Frankfurt am Main.

Ein noch detaillierteres Adressbuch, das offenbar auch für das Ausland Vollständigkeit anstrebt, wurde 1880 anonym unter dem schlichten Titel References veröffentlicht. Es liegt in zwei (allenfalls minimal voneinander abweichenden) Versionen vor, die auf Februar 18803 bzw. März 1880 datiert sind. Nach 61 Seiten Versammlungsadressen, -zeiten und Kontaktpersonen aus Großbritannien und Irland beginnt die Seitenzählung wieder von vorn, und es folgen 28 Seiten „Foreign References“. Deutschland ist mit 209 Versammlungen vertreten (nach Provinzen geordnet), von denen sich allerdings mindestens 46 heute außerhalb der deutschen Grenzen befinden4 (wie bereits Breslau in den zuvor erwähnten Verzeichnissen).

Eine vergleichbar umfassende Liste der deutschen Versammlungen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert ist sonst nicht bekannt; in Deutschland selbst erschien erst um 1905 ein erstes eigenes Verzeichnis. Nach der mir vorliegenden digitalen Version zu urteilen, enthält es nicht nur keinen Herausgebernamen und kein Erscheinungsjahr, sondern noch nicht einmal einen Titel; die Datierung „um 1905“ ergibt sich aus einer handschriftlichen Notiz auf einem anderen Exemplar.5 Auf 49 Seiten werden (wiederum nach Provinzen geordnet) immerhin 453 Geschlossene Versammlungen im damaligen deutschen Reichsgebiet genannt, also mehr als doppelt so viele wie 1880; etwa 102 der Orte gehören heute nicht mehr zu Deutschland. Sieben weitere Seiten des Büchleins sind Österreich-Ungarn (3 Versammlungen) und der Schweiz (34 Versammlungen) gewidmet.

Möglicherweise handelte es sich bei diesem titellosen Verzeichnis bereits um die erste Auflage des Kleinen Wegweisers; unter diesem Titel erschien jedenfalls spätestens seit der Zeit des Ersten Weltkriegs alle drei bis fünf Jahre ein quasi offizielles Adressbuch der deutschen Geschlossenen Brüder, in dem nicht nur Versammlungsorte und Kontaktpersonen, sondern auch die Zeiten der Zusammenkünfte mitgeteilt wurden. Herausgeber war Fritz Feldhoff (1874–1950) aus Duisburg, von Beruf Prokurist, ab 1925 vollzeitlicher „Reisebruder“.6 Die älteste mir zugängliche Ausgabe stammt vom Juli 1920; ihr Vorwort beginnt folgendermaßen:

Zum drittenmal erscheint der „Der kleine Wegweiser“, allerdings diesmal verändert. Im Kriege hat er hauptsächlich den Soldatenbrüdern gedient; nun möchte er allen Geschwistern, besonders denen, die oft auf Reisen sind, beim Aufsuchen der Versammlungen eine Hilfe sein. Unser Heft will es ermöglichen, die Reisen von vornherein so einzurichten, daß keine Versammlung versäumt zu werden braucht.

Mindestens die zweite, möglicherweise auch die erste Auflage des Kleinen Wegweisers muss also während des Ersten Weltkriegs erschienen sein. Die Ausgabe von 1920 listet in alphabetischer Reihenfolge insgesamt 447 Versammlungen (von denen mindestens drei auch nach damaligem Verständnis bereits im Ausland lagen7). Interessanterweise fand an etwa einem Viertel dieser Orte kein Brotbrechen statt, sondern nur „Erbauungs-“ und/oder Gebetsstunden, sodass eigentlich nur von 330 bis 345 „vollwertigen“ Versammlungen gesprochen werden kann.8

Vier weitere Ausgaben des Kleinen Wegweisers sind digital verfügbar (in wechselnder Scanqualität):

Die Ausgabe von 1936 dürfte die letzte vor dem Verbot der Geschlossenen Versammlungen im April 1937 gewesen sein. Sie verzeichnet in nun schon bewährter alphabetischer Manier 729 Versammlungen im damaligen Deutschen Reich9 – ein erstaunlicher Anstieg seit 1920. An mindestens 522, höchstens 547 Orten10 wurde das Brot gebrochen. Der Anhang bietet eine repräsentative Auswahl ausländischer Versammlungen; die Angaben für Österreich (3 Versammlungen) und die Schweiz (39 Versammlungen) könnten vollständig sein.

Auch die Offenen Brüder empfanden – vielleicht wegen ihrer starken Betonung der Unabhängigkeit der Ortsgemeinde – offenbar erst spät das Bedürfnis nach einem Adressbuch. 1897 brachte Joseph W. Jordan eine erste List of Some Meetings in the British Isles and Regions Beyond heraus,11 1904 folgte eine zweite Auflage. In deren internationalem Teil sind auch 20 deutsche Gemeinden verzeichnet, und zwar in Berlin,12 Rehe (Westerwald), Bad Homburg, Beeck (bei Duisburg, zwei Adressen), Beuel (bei Bonn), Duisburg, Elberfeld, Bad Godesberg, Holten (bei Oberhausen), Kupferdreh (bei Essen), Neviges (bei Velbert), Solingen, Velbert, Vohwinkel, Wermelskirchen, Dresden, Leipzig, Klafeld (bei Siegen), Grüne (bei Iserlohn) und Stuttgart.

Das älteste in Deutschland selbst erschienene Adressbuch der Offenen Brüder trägt den schlichten Titel Anschriftenverzeichnis und wurde bei Zeuner & Co. in Bad Homburg gedruckt. Angaben über Herausgeber und Erscheinungsjahr fehlen; das im Christian Brethren Archive in Manchester aufbewahrte Exemplar ist jedoch mit dem handschriftlichen Vermerk „Septb. 1923“ versehen. Enthalten sind insgesamt 206 Adressen, bei denen es sich allerdings zum großen Teil um Einzelpersonen und nicht um Gemeinden zu handeln scheint; nur bei 66 Adressen werden Veranstaltungszeiten genannt, bei 56 davon auch Zusammenkünfte am Sonntag (also ggf. Brotbrechen13). Ergänzend werden 24 Adressen in Holland (davon 17 mit Veranstaltungszeiten) und 9 Adressen in der Schweiz (alle ohne Veranstaltungszeiten) mitgeteilt.

Eine zweite Auflage dieses Verzeichnisses liegt mir nicht vor, jedoch eine dritte (Juni 1927)14 und eine vierte (September 1932). Als Herausgeber firmiert in der dritten Auflage Christian Schatz, in der vierten Fritz Koch, Christian Schatz und Johannes Warns. Die dritte Auflage enthält 288 Adressen, davon 147 mit Veranstaltungszeiten, davon wiederum 123 am Sonntag; in der vierten, leider sehr unübersichtlich gestalteten sind bereits 211 Adressen mit dem Vermerk „VR“ (= Versammlungsraum) und/oder mit Veranstaltungszeiten versehen, davon 150 am Sonntag, davon wiederum 101 eindeutig als „B“ (= Brotbrechen) gekennzeichnet. Auch diese beiden Verzeichnisse werden durch Adressen im Ausland ergänzt.

Nachdem sich die Offenen Brüder 1934 lose als „Kirchenfreie christliche Gemeinden“ (KcG) organisiert hatten, traten sie 1937 in den von den Geschlossenen Brüdern gegründeten „Bund freikirchlicher Christen“ (BfC) ein und gaben – vermutlich noch im selben Jahr15 – ein Verzeichnis der ehemals „Kirchenfreien christlichen Gemeinden“ in Deutschland nunmehr Gemeinden des „Bundes freikirchlicher Christen“ heraus. Es listet in beispielloser Übersichtlichkeit 135 durchnummerierte Gemeinden mit ihren „Ortsbeauftragten“ auf, allerdings ohne Veranstaltungszeiten.

Ein Gesamtverzeichnis des BfC erschien zwischen Mai und August 1939.16 Es besteht aus einem alphabetischen und einem nach Bezirken geordneten Teil und enthält insgesamt 590 Gemeinden, davon 535 mit Brotbrechen (etwa 71 der Orte liegen heute außerhalb Deutschlands). Welche der 522 bis 729 Geschlossenen Versammlungen aus dem letzten Kleinen Wegweiser von 1936 im BfC-Verzeichnis fehlen, also offenbar dem Bund nicht beitraten, wäre eine eigene Untersuchung wert.

Aus der Nachkriegszeit teile ich hier nur noch ein Verzeichnis der Geschlossenen Versammlungen von Ende 1956 mit.17 Es verzichtet wiederum völlig auf Herausgebernamen, Titel und Erscheinungsjahr und nennt alphabetisch die Adressen, Zeiten und Kontaktpersonen von 222 Versammlungen in der damaligen Bundesrepublik, davon 213 mit Brotbrechen.

Daniel J. Danielsen – Missionar und Menschenrechtler

Geschichte, Literatur, Offene Brüder, , , , , ,

Von 1885 bis 1908 war das Gebiet der heutigen Demokratischen Republik Kongo Privatbesitz des belgischen Königs Leopold II. (1835–1909). Während dieser Zeit wurden die Kautschukvorkommen des Landes von europäischen Unternehmen mittels Sklaverei und Zwangsarbeit systematisch ausgeplündert, wobei es

massenhaft zu Geiselnahmen, Tötungen, Verstümmelungen und Vergewaltigungen [kam]. Es wird geschätzt, dass acht bis zehn Millionen Kongolesen den Tod fanden, etwa die Hälfte der damaligen Bevölkerung. […] Die Kongogräuel „gehören unzweifelhaft zu den größten Verbrechen der modernen Kolonialgeschichte“. Nach heutigen Begriffen können die Verbrechen der Kolonialherren im Kongo als Genozid oder sogar Holocaust bezeichnet werden.1

jacobsenEiner der Ersten, die dieses Unrecht öffentlich anprangerten, war der färöische „Bruder“ Daniel Jacob Danielsen (1871–1916). Von 1901 bis 1903 als Missionar und Ingenieur im Kongo tätig, erfuhr er aus erster Hand von den Gräueltaten und fertigte von etlichen Verstümmelungsopfern Beweisfotos an, die er Ende 1903 in Schottland und Anfang 1904 auf den Färöer-Inseln in mehreren Vortragsveranstaltungen öffentlich zeigte. Damit leistete er einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Aufdeckung der Verbrechen.

Der färöische Historiker Óli Jacobsen, der bereits 2012 in der Brethren Historical Review eine Kurzbiografie Danielsens veröffentlichte, hat diese in der Folgezeit zu einer 200-seitigen Monografie ausgearbeitet, die 2014 unter dem Titel Daniel J. Danielsen and the Congo: Missionary Campaigns and Atrocity Photographs als erster Band der neuen BAHN-Reihe „Studies in Brethren History – Subsidia“ erschienen ist. Das Buch kann zum Preis von £ 20 beim Brethren Archivists and Historians Network bestellt oder kostenlos als PDF-Datei von der Website des Autors heruntergeladen werden.

Jean Emil Leonhardt (1853–1918)

Deutschland, Geschichte, Offene Brüder
leonhardt
Jean Emil Leonhardt

Die Anfänge der „Offenen Brüder“ in Deutschland sind im Vergleich zu denen der „Geschlossenen“ noch immer relativ wenig erforscht. Von Jean E. Leonhardt, dem Begründer der wohl ersten1 offenen Brüdergemeinde Deutschlands (Bad Homburg), war in der bisherigen Literatur2 noch nicht einmal der zweite Vorname vollständig bekannt. Anlässlich des 125-jährigen Bestehens der Gemeinde brachte die Frankfurter Neue Presse 2012 einen kurzen, aber recht interessanten Artikel,3 in dem unter anderem dieses „Rätsel“ gelöst wird. Weitere Details über Leonhardt kamen letztes Jahr im Rahmen einer Artikelserie derselben Zeitung über den Ersten Weltkrieg ans Licht (Teil 1: Lebensmittel für die Front; Teil 2: Arzneimittel und Liebesgaben für Soldaten). In diesem Zusammenhang erschien auch ein großes Foto Leonhardts.