Schlagwort-Archiv: British Newspaper Archive

200. Geburtstag von Friedrich Wilhelm Baedeker

Deutschland, Geschichte, Großbritannien, Offene Brüder, , , , , , , , , , ,
baedeker
Friedrich Wilhelm Baedeker (1823–1906)

Heute vor 200 Jahren wurde der Evangelist Friedrich Wilhelm Bae­deker im westfälischen Witten an der Ruhr geboren. Mit Witten wird sein Name freilich heute kaum noch assoziiert, sondern vielmehr mit England (wo er ab 1859 seinen Hauptwohnsitz hatte und zum Glauben kam) und vor allem mit Russland (wo er ab 1876 unermüdlich evangelisierte). Die erste Biografie, die bereits im Jahr nach seinem Tod erschien, trug daher auch den Titel Dr. Baedeker and his Apostolic Work in Russia,1 und die jüngste Buchveröffentlichung über ihn, herausgegeben zum 100. Todestag 2006, stellt im Untertitel ebenfalls den Russlandmissionar heraus.2

Lebensbeschreibungen Baedekers liegen auch online in ausreichend großer Zahl vor. Ich nenne in chronologischer Reihenfolge:

Auf einen eigenen biografischen Aufguss kann ich hier daher wohl verzichten; nützlicher erscheint mir die Veröffentlichung einiger bisher unbekannter Zeitungstexte, die ich vor einigen Jahren bei meinen Recherchen im British Newspaper Archive gefunden habe.

Baedeker in englischen Zeitungen

1887 sprach Baedeker gemeinsam mit Julius Rohrbach (1852–1935)3 in seiner Heimatgemeinde Weston-super-Mare über die Evangelisationsarbeit in Deutschland:

1887-04-20 Weston-super-Mare Gazette 2 (Rohrbach, Baedeker)
Weston-super-Mare Gazette, 20. April 1887, S. 2

1898 berichtete das North Devon Journal ausführlich über einen Vortrag Baedekers in Barnstaple und verschaffte den Lesern damit einen recht guten Einblick in seine Arbeit (wegen der Länge gebe ich den Artikel in Transkription wieder):

DR. BAEDEKER AT BARNSTAPLE.

In connection with the Plymouth Brethren cause, Dr. T. [sic] W. Baedeker (a well-known Christian traveller) preached most acceptably at the Grosvenor-street Chapel, Barnstaple, on Sunday. His address in the afternoon on work in the Russian prisons and among the persecuted Stundists in Siberia was anticipated with special interest, and there was a large congregation present. At the outset Dr. Baedeker (who is about sixty five years of age4) pointed out that Russia was one-sixth part of the inhabitable world, and that it contained 146 millions of people, who spoke 128 different languages. It was a large mission field, and nearly all nations were represented among the inhabitants. There were many there who had never heard the Word of God, and there were many millions who read the Word of God and had no intelligence for it. They were bound by an outward form of religion and ceremonies, with no power to keep them from sin at all. That was just the field into which God, in His great lovingkindness, had led him during the past twenty-one years. During the first ten years he visited various parts of Russia, preaching the Gospel, as well as he was able, wherever he found willing ears. About eleven years ago he went to Finland, where there was more religious liberty than in any other part of Russia, and visited all the prisons there. He afterwards obtained permission to visit all the prisons in the Russian Empire, and to give each prisoner a Testament in his own language. The British and Foreign Bible Society issued Testaments in 180 different languages, and they sold him the books at one-quarter the price for the prisoners. In visiting Moscow he lost his pocket-book and money, but there was light in the darkness, for he obtained fresh permission to visit the prisons, whilst friends helped him financially from St. Petersburg. Since then he had visited Siberia altogether four times, and he instanced an act of noble generosity on the part of a steamboat director in allowing him to travel free of cost. He wanted people in England to have a share in this work of God. There were open doors for the Gospel among the Stundists, and with Bible reading in various languages, the Word was the power of God unto salvation. As there were thousands of wolves and bears in the country, and travelling was otherwise dangerous, he had been advised to carry a revolver for protection; but he had never done this, and had never seen a wolf or been injured in any way. It was a great joy and privilege to be allowed to speak to the prisoners. In St. Petersburg there were 1,100 prisoners, each one in his own cage; and as he spoke to each separately, it took him five days to go through the gaol. All through the way had been very marvellously and wisely opened up, and he did not know that he had done with Russia yet. The prison doors were all open, and whilst he was away friends behind were still carrying on the work. Siberia, a country only just beginning to be peopled, was very rich, and full of treasures yet to be found. The crime of the Stundists, who were simple people, consisted in not conforming to the Greek Church, which, as he had said before, was full of ceremonies without any Gospel, although it allowed the New Testament to be freely distributed. But religion, apart from the Lord, was a dead thing. There was no religion, no church, except the Lord’s. He showed that the Stundists were subjected to much persecution through faith in the New Testament. In Roumania there were two colonies of Stundists who had escaped from punishment, and they were working for the Lord, their testimony being a great power in the land. He appealed to his hearers to pray for them, and to stand by them in prayer. – The address was interspersed with many incidents and anecdotes, not the least interesting being those which showed how his prayers in his difficult work had been answered, and the wonderful dream which resulted in his being enabled to visit prisoners who had been banished on an island for life.5

Gut acht Jahre später war Baedekers Arbeit leider zu Ende. Nachdem er sich auf einer Konferenz in Clifton eine Erkältung zugezogen hatte, die zu einer Lungenentzündung führte, starb er am 9. Oktober 1906 in seinem Haus in Weston-super-Mare, 83 Jahre alt.6 Der Zeitungsbericht über die Konferenz in der Western Daily Press lässt noch nichts davon ahnen:

1906-10-03 The Western Daily Press 5 Items of Local News (Clifton conference)
The Western Daily Press, 3. Oktober 1906, S. 5, Items of Local News

Acht Tage danach musste die Zeitung jedoch Baedekers Tod melden (das angegebene Geburtsjahr ist natürlich falsch):

1906-10-11 The Western Daily Press 3 (Baedeker)
The Western Daily Press, 11. Oktober 1906, S. 3

Der Manchester Courier fasste die Nachricht etwas kürzer:

1906-10-11 The Manchester Courier 8 Obituary (Baedeker)
The Manchester Courier, 11. Oktober 1906, S. 8, Obituary

Die Bath Chronicle schließlich brachte folgenden freundlichen Nachruf:

1906-10-18 The Bath Chronicle 5 (Baedeker)
The Bath Chronicle, 18. Oktober 1906, S. 5

Einen Monat später wusste die Western Daily Press sogar noch den Wert von Baedekers Nachlass zu berichten:

1906-11-22 The Western Daily Press 6 Local Wills (Baedeker)
The Western Daily Press, 22. November 1906, S. 6, Local Wills

Nach heutiger Kaufkraft entspräche dies immerhin £ 194.800 oder mehr.7

Baedeker in Deutschland

Aus deutscher Sicht interessant (und wenig bekannt) sind noch die zahlreichen Berichte in der Missionszeitschrift Echoes of Service über Baedekers Deutschlandreisen. Auf dem Weg von England nach Russland und zurück war Deutschland eine nahezu unvermeidliche Zwischenstation, aber Baedeker besuchte wiederholt auch Städte, die abseits der üblichen Route lagen, oder unternahm regelrechte Rundreisen. Im Einzelnen werden erwähnt:8

  • 1877: Berlin
  • 1878: Karlsruhe
  • 1880: Hückeswagen, Wermelskirchen
  • 1881: Berlin, Lübeck, Hamburg, Schleswig, Düsseldorf, Dresden
  • 1883–1886: fünfmal Berlin
  • 1888: Karlsruhe, Wiesbaden, Berlin, Hattingen, Witten, Blankenburg, [Bad] Homburg9
  • 1889: Berlin
  • 1890: Düsseldorf, Wiesbaden, Berlin
  • 1891: Berlin, Frankfurt, [Bad] Homburg
  • 1893: Süddeutschland
  • 1894: Berlin, Frankfurt und andere Städte
  • 1895: Berlin, Frankfurt, [Bad] Homburg, Darmstadt, Heidelberg, Stuttgart
  • 1896: Berlin, Leipzig, Blankenburg, Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf, Neukirchen
  • 1897: Blankenburg, Gotha, Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Berlin
  • 1898: Berlin, Blankenburg, Dortmund, Düsseldorf
  • 1900: Berlin, Blankenburg, Baden, Wiesbaden, Frankfurt
  • 1901: Hamburg, Berlin, Görlitz
  • 1903: Süddeutschland, Blankenburg
  • 1905: Süddeutschland

Alle diese Berichte können in der Anthologie Early Open Brethren in the German-Speaking Countries nachgelesen werden, die ich 2018 für bruederbewegung.de zusammengestellt habe.

200. Geburtstag von William Kelly

Geschichte, Geschlossene Brüder, Großbritannien, Irland, Literatur, , , , , , , , ,
kelly
William Kelly (1821–1906)

Diesen Beitrag kann ich genauso beginnen wie den über Charles Henry Mackintosh am 1. Oktober 2020:

In diesem Monat wäre William Kelly, einer der bekanntesten Geschlossenen Brüder des 19. Jahrhunderts, 200 Jahre alt geworden. Leider ist sein genaues Geburtsdatum (ebenso wie das seines sieben Monate älteren Landsmanns Charles Henry Mackintosh) nicht bekannt und auch von seinem Biografen Edwin Cross nicht ermittelt worden – vielleicht weil die betreffenden Kirchenbücher bei der Zerstörung des Public Record Office im Irischen Bürgerkrieg (1922) verloren gingen?1

Leben

Über Kellys Leben liegen online mindestens 20 kürzere oder längere Biografien, Würdigungen, Artikel und sogar eine Dissertation vor, sodass ich hier wie üblich auf eine eigene Skizze verzichte und nur eine sprachlich und chronologisch sortierte Linkliste biete:

In deutscher Sprache:

In englischer Sprache:

In niederländischer Sprache:

Nachrufe

Bei meinen Recherchen im British Newspaper Archive (BNA) bin ich auf mehrere Zeitungsartikel über Kellys Tod gestoßen, die meines Wissens bisher noch nie vollständig zitiert worden sind und daher hier einen Platz finden mögen. Den Anfang scheint die renommierte Londoner Times gemacht zu haben, die im BNA leider nicht vertreten ist; der Wortlaut ihres Nachrufs lässt sich aber der Yorkshire Post vom 2. April 1906 entnehmen:

1906-04-02 The Yorkshire Post 8 Obituary (Kelly)
The Yorkshire Post, 2. April 1906, S. 8

Dieser von einem ungenannten Korrespondenten (vielleicht E. E. Whitfield?) eingesandte Nachruf bildete wohl die Grundlage für die weiteren Zeitungsartikel über Kellys Tod. Die Brighton Gazette brachte am 5. April eine Notiz in der Spalte „Personal Gossip“:

1906-04-05 Brighton Gazette 7 Personal Gossip (Kelly)
Brighton Gazette, 5. April 1906, S. 7

Ein deutlich längerer Text, der den Times-Nachruf ebenfalls mit verwertet, aber auch die Trennung von 1881 erwähnt und von Kellys Beerdigung berichtet, erschien einen Tag später im Kentish Mercury (Greenwich). Der besseren Lesbarkeit halber gebe ich ihn in Transkription wieder:

The death occurred on Tuesday last week, at The Firs, Denmark-road, Exeter, of Mr. William Kelly, of Verner Lodge, Belmont-park, Lee. The deceased gentleman, who was a well-known member of the Plymouth Brethren, was born in the north of Ireland in 1820 [sic!]. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, with the highest honours in Classics, and joined the Plymouth Brethren in 1840. In 1860 he published a critical Greek Text of the Revelation of St. John, which Ewald pronounced in the Göttinger Jahrbücher to be the best piece of work of the kind that had come under his notice. For 50 years Mr. Kelly was editor of the monthly Bible Treasury, a periodical which the late Archdeacon Denison in his old age described as “the only one worth reading.” A book on the Mosaic Cosmogony – In the Beginning – brought to the writer a warm appreciation from Archbishop Benson. The Times says: – “In the judgment of outsiders he was a representative of erudition second only to Tregelles. Mr. Kelly was characteristically a lecturer; his discourses on the Apocalypse – from the Futurist point of view – and those on the New Testament doctrine of the Holy Spirit have been widely circulated. His last most considerable work is entitled God: [sic] Inspiration of the Scriptures (1903), in which he combated the Higher Criticism. A man of incisive intellect and a keen controversialist, he was the chief henchman of the late John Nelson Darby (‘J.N.D.’), and editor of his Collected Writings.” But in 1881 their friendship was broken, and the “Close Brethren” divided into “Kellyites” and “Darbyites.” For a considerable period Mr. Kelly resided in Guernsey, but for the last 30 years his home was at Lee, he attending the meeting at Bennett-park, Blackheath. He recently, on the suggestion of the Archbishop of York, presented his large and valuable theological library to the town of Middlesbrough. The funeral took place at Charlton Cemetery on Saturday, between 500 and 600 persons being present. In accordance with deceased’s strong aversion to anything like display the ceremony was of a very quiet and unostentatious character. At the graveside the hymns “For ever with the Lord” and “Saviour before Thy face we fall” were sung, and appropriate portions of Scripture were read. Addresses were given by Dr. Heyman Wreford, of Exeter (at whose house Mr. Kelly died), and Mr. T. Moore, of Bournemouth, the latter saying that a fortnight before his death Mr. Kelly remarked that there were three things that were real, the Cross of Christ, hatred of the world, and love of God. The funeral arrangements were entrusted to Messrs. Francis Chappell and Sons, of Lee Bridge and Catford.2

Der Rat der Stadt Middlesbrough, der Kelly seine Bibliothek gestiftet hatte, drückte in seiner Sitzung vom 10. April sein Bedauern über den Tod des Spenders aus:

1906-04-11 The Yorkshire Post 9 (Kelly)
The Yorkshire Post, 11. April 1906, S. 9

Zweieinhalb Wochen später war in der Presse – heute unvorstellbar – sogar der Wert von Kellys Nachlass zu lesen:

1906-04-28 Irish Independent 6 (Kelly)
Irish Independent, 28. April 1906, S. 6
1906-05-04 The Kentish Mercury 2 (Kelly)
The Kentish Mercury, 4. Mai 1906, 2

£ 5892 bzw. 5891 entsprechen nach heutiger Kaufkraft mindestens £ 630.800 (= ca. € 734.500).

Ewald über Kelly

Die drei im Times-Nachruf genannten prominenten Kelly-„Bewunderer“ Ewald, Denison und Benson werden auch in späteren Lebensbildern Kellys immer wieder zitiert (was einigermaßen erstaunlich ist, legen die Geschlossenen Brüder doch sonst auf den Beifall der „Welt“, auch der „religiösen Welt“, wenig Wert). Besonders interessant – da nachprüfbar – ist die Aussage des gemäßigt bibelkritischen3 Göttinger Theologieprofessors Heinrich Ewald (1803–1875) über Kellys griechische Edition der Offenbarung. Das Zitat tritt in zwei leicht voneinander abweichenden Varianten auf: Laut der Times hielt Ewald das Buch für “the best piece of work of the kind that had come under his notice”; in Chief Men among the Brethren überliefert Whitfield später den Wortlaut “the best piece of English work of the kind that he had seen”.

Ewalds Rezension erschien 1861 im 11. Band seiner Jahrbücher der Biblischen wissenschaft [sic], umgangssprachlich Göttinger Jahrbücher genannt, S. 247f. (für eine schärfere Version bitte Bild anklicken):

ewald_kelly
Jahrbücher der Biblischen wissenschaft 11 (1860/61), S. 247f.

Hat man sich einmal an die eigenartige Rechtschreibung gewöhnt (Ewald folgte den Reformvorschlägen Jacob Grimms), so stellt man überrascht fest, dass das Times-Zitat nirgendwo im Text vorkommt. Der Ton der Besprechung ist zwar insgesamt wohlwollend („recht nüzlich“, „sehr genau“, „manche gute bemerkung“), aber den Superlativ “best piece of work of the kind that had come under his notice” sucht man vergebens. Entweder hat Ewald sich noch woanders (vielleicht mündlich?) über das Buch geäußert, oder (wahrscheinlicher) wir haben es hier mit einer ungenauen Überlieferung zu tun, die mit der Zeit den Charakter einer frommen Legende annahm (immerhin vergingen zwischen der Rezension und Kellys Tod 45 Jahre).

Hätte Ewald gewusst, dass Kelly der Brüderbewegung angehörte, wäre seine Besprechung übrigens vielleicht kritischer ausgefallen. Zwölf Jahre zuvor hatte er nämlich zwei der frühen Übersetzungen von Julius Anton von Poseck und William Henry Darby in die Hände bekommen und in den Jahrbüchern rezensiert – falls man diesen unsachlichen, rein emotionalen Verriss überhaupt eine Rezension nennen kann:

ewald_darby
Jahrbücher der Biblischen wissenschaft 2 (1849), S. 77

200. Geburtstag von Charles Stanley

Geschichte, Geschlossene Brüder, Großbritannien, , , , , , , , ,
stanley
Charles Stanley (1821–1890)

Heute vor 200 Jahren wurde Charles Stanley, einer der bekanntesten Evangelisten der Geschlossenen Brüder im 19. Jahrhundert, in Laughton-en-le-Morthen bei Rotherham (Nordengland) geboren. Im Brotberuf selbständiger Geschäftsmann, nutzte er seine häufigen Reisen zur Verkündigung des Evangeliums und ließ später auch zahlreiche Traktate drucken, die als „C. S. tracts“ weite Verbreitung fanden. Ab etwa 1880 war er Herausgeber der von Charles Henry Mackintosh gegründeten Zeitschrift Things New and Old.

Über Stanleys Leben liegen online die Kurzbiografie aus Henry Pickerings Chief Men among the Brethren (mit falschem Todesjahr), ein Artikel von John Bjorlie (aus Uplook, 1992), Stanleys autobiografischer Bericht The Way the Lord has Led Me; or, Incidents of Gospel Work sowie Hugh Henry Snells Recollections of the Last Days of Charles Stanley (auch als Faksimile) vor. Das Kapitel über Stanley aus Arend Remmers’ Gedenket eurer Führer scheint – im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Lebensbildern aus diesem Buch – bisher nicht digitalisiert worden zu sein.

Nachrufe

Welche Bekanntheit Stanley zu Lebzeiten genoss, macht die Presseberichterstattung über seinen Tod und sein Begräbnis deutlich. Am 31. März 1890 brachten der Sheffield Daily Telegraph und der Evening Telegraph & Star gleichlautend folgenden Artikel:

Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 31. März 1890, S. 6

Im Sheffield & Rotherham Independent hieß es am selben Tag:

The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 31. März 1890, S. 3

Die Altersangabe 72 ist offensichtlich falsch; das richtige Alter konnten die Leser der Zeitung einen Tag später unter den Familiennachrichten finden:

The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 1. April 1890, S. 6

Beisetzung

In großer Ausführlichkeit wurde über Stanleys Beisetzung am 3. April 1890 berichtet; tatsächlich sind zwei der Artikel so lang, dass ich sie nicht als Bilddateien wiedergeben kann, sondern transkribieren musste. Hier zunächst der Bericht des Sheffield Daily Telegraph vom 4. April 1890, S. 7, der auch einige sonst nicht überlieferte Einzelheiten über Stanleys berufliche Tätigkeit enthält:

THE INTERMENT OF MR. CHAS. STANLEY OF ROTHERHAM.

Yesterday the funeral of Mr. Charles Stanley, of Moorgate Grove, Rotherham, took place in the Rotherham Cemetery amid many manifestations of respect. Mr. Stanley died whilst seated at the dinner table on Sunday last. For many years he had carried on the business of an export merchant in Sheffield and Birmingham, and at one time the growth of the Indian trade for general Birmingham goods necessitated his removal from Sheffield to the Midland town. Just over quarter of a century ago Mr. Stanley was offered the sole right of working a French patent brought out by the brother of a great friend of his, and seeing that it could be turned to good account he gradually relinquished the Sheffield and Birmingham businesses. This patent was a new plan for chemically scouring wool, in fact for the extraction of oil or fatty matter from any material, seeds, &c. His son, Mr. C. L. Stanley, joined him at this time, and greatly improved the machinery, which quickened the process, making the business a great success. The works at Wath grew, and are now the largest of the kind in the country. Although Mr. Stanley retired from business ten or eleven years ago, he did not give up work. He laboured hard in other ways. He conducted a religious periodical, was the writer of a very large number of tracts, preached regularly in the meeting-room of the brethren in Moorgate, and had a large correspondence with friends all over the world. In public affairs he never seemed to take any prominent part, but he was nevertheless very widely known. The large attendance at the graveside yesterday was some slight testimony of the loss which has been sustained by his decease. The funeral cortége left the residence in Moorgate Grove at about half-past eleven o’clock, and proceeded to the meeting room in Moorgate, where service was held in the presence of a large congregation. Mr. H. H. Snell, of Sheffield, officiated, and with Dr. Davy, of Sheffield, assisted in the ceremony at the grave. The mourners were: – First carriage: Mr. C. L. Stanley, of Oakwood, Rotherham; Mrs. Stanley, widow; Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Andrews, of Wortley. Second carriage: Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Stanley, of East Farleigh, Kent, and Mr. and Mrs. P. H. C. Chrimes, of Plumtree, Bawtry. Third carriage: Mr. C. H. Stanley, Mrs. C. L. Stanley, Mr. S. H. Burrows, of Sheffield, and Dr. Dyson, of Sheffield. Fourth carriage: Mr. and Mrs. Richard Chrimes and Mr. and Mrs. J. Kay. Fifth carriage: Mr. J. H. Burrows, of Sheffield; Mr. Fred. Elgar, of Rochester; Mr. H. H. Snell, of Sheffield; and Dr. Oxley, the deceased gentleman’s medical attendant. Sixth carriage: Dr. Davy and family, of Sheffield. Seventh carriage: Mr. Charles E. Chrimes and family. The private carriages brought into requisition were those of the deceased gentleman, Mr. C. L. Stanley, Mr. P. H. C. Chrimes, Mr. R. Chrimes, Mr. S. H. Burrows, and Dr. Davy. Amongst those attending the funeral were Mr. P. H. Stanley, Mr. E. Stanley, Miss Stanley, the Misses Lillian, Beatrice, and Irene Stanley, Mr. Thomas Barker (Otley), Dr. Snell (Sheffield), Mr. Moore, Mr. Hardy, Mr. Loveridge (Harrogate), Mr. Cutting (Derby), Mr. C. Spink (Chiselhurst), Mr. A. Mace (London), Mr. G. Morrish (London), Mr. J. Morrish (London), Mr. Sharpley (Sheffield), Mr. Brammer (Sheffield), Mr. Bowen (Ollerenshaw Hall), Mr. P. B. Coward, Mr. E. G. Cox, Mr. F. L. Harrop, Mr. H. Bray, Dr. Branson, Mr. F. Myers, Mr. J. S. Ward, Mr. J. Dickinson, Mr. J. M. Horsfield, Mr. H. Leedham, Mr. W. H. Sheldon, Mr. J. Hudson, Mr. J. Rodgers, Mr. Joseph France, Dr. Wolston (Nottingham), Mr. J. M. Radcliffe, Mr. J. Gillett, Mr. O. Fox, Mr. Pontis, and many other friends. The coffin, which was of polished oak with brass mountings, had placed upon it beautiful wreaths sent by grandchildren – Irene and Harry Cecil Stanley, of Oakwood. The interment was in the family vault. Mr. W. Arnett, of Rotherham, had charge of the funeral arrangements, and Mr. J. Hutchinson was the undertaker.

Weniger Informationen über Stanleys Leben, aber dafür noch mehr Details über die Beisetzung lieferte der Bericht des Sheffield & Rotherham Independent vom 4. April 1890, S. 6:

INTERMENT OF THE LATE MR. C. STANLEY, OF ROTHERHAM.

Yesterday afternoon the remains of Mr. Charles Stanley, of Moorgate Grove, who died suddenly on Sunday, were interred at the General Cemetery, Rotherham. The deceased gentleman was greatly respected by the members of the denomination of Christians known as “The Brethren,” and his local philanthropy and consistency of life had gained for him the esteem and regard of his neighbours. The attendance at the funeral was therefore large, and included many from distant parts of the country with whom the deceased gentleman had been connected in various ways, amongst them being gentlemen of distinction in the religious denomination to which the deceased belonged. The funeral procession left Moorgate Grove about noon. Preceding the hearse were about forty workmen from the oil and silver refineries at Wath. The coffin, which had been supplied by Mr. James Hutchinson, was of polished oak with brass mountings, and bore the inscription, “Char[l]es Stanley, born March 10, 1821; died March 30, 1890.” The mourning carriages contained the following relatives: – First carriage, Mr. C. L. Stanley, Mrs. Stanley, Mr. Andrews, and Mrs. Andrews, of Wortley; second carriage, Mr. and Mrs. W. Stanley, East Farleigh, Maidstone, Kent; Mr. P. H. C. Chrimes and Mr. H. Chrimes; third carriage, Mrs. Luther Stanley, Mr. Charles Stanley, Mr. L. Burrows[,] Sheffield, and Dr. Dyson, Sheffield; fourth carriage, Mr. J. H. Burrows, Mr. Farr, Mr. H. H. Snell, Sheffield; Mr. Elgar, Maidstone, Kent; fifth carriage, Mr. and Mrs. Chrimes, Mr. and Mrs. Kay. The carriages following were those of Mr. Stanley, Mr. Hy. Chrimes, Mr. Luther Stanley, Mr. S. H. Burrows, and Dr. Davy. The cortege proceeded to the church of the Brethren, Moorgate, and this being the first service of the kind held in the building, there was a large attendance, every seat being occupied, and many persons unable to obtain admission. Among those present were Captain Thompson, Bedford ; Mr. C. Spink, London; Mr. Walsh, Bedford; Mr. George Cutting, Derby; Dr. Snell, Sheffield; Mr. F. Smith, Hoyland; Mr. Doughty, Barnsley; Mr. Bowen, Whaley Bridge; Mr. Heighway, Manchester; Mr. Young, Hull; Mr. Garbutt, Driffield; Mr. T. Barker[,] Otley; Mr. Oglesby and Mr. Springthorpe, Barnsley; Mr. Hardy, Mr. Moore, Mr. Loveridge, and Mr. Mace, Harrogate; Mr. Ramsden, Carlton Hall; Mr. F. C. Harrop, Swinton; Mr. T. Bramah and Mr. C. J. Bramah, Clifton; Dr. Davy, Mr. R. Jardine, Mr. R. Brown, Mr. J. Dalton, and Mr. M. Harrison, Sheffield; Dr. Oxley, Dr. Branson, and Messrs. P. B. Coward, J. M. Radcliffe, H. Bray, J. S. Ward, F. J. Myers, W. H. Sheldon, J. France, J. Rodgers, J. Dickinson, T. Horsfield, Dawson, Marcroft, Pontis, &c., Rotherham. The service was conducted by Dr. H. H. Snell, Sheffield, who offered prayer, and then selected the words, “He is Lord of all,” from Acts, x., 36, upon which he delivered a discourse. He remarked that he did not suppose he could select any words in the whole compass of the Scriptures more comprehensive, more solemn, or more personal to every one that day. He dwelt on how Christ came to be Lord over all, and the fact that all things were subjected to Him. He created everything, and had a right by reason of His deity, His eternal Godhead, to everything. He pointed out how that Christ died, rose, and revived to the end that he might be Lord both of the dead and the living. He did not think that was the time and place to say much of the departure of their brother. He himself felt bereaved. He was not using the word without meaning, for personally he felt bereaved. Through God’s mercy for more than twenty years he had been in happy Christian fellowship with the deceased, for the most part in fellowship beyond that which usually existed between men. The last occasion they met together was he thought the happiest they had ever had, and he could only say to them, as brethren and sisters in Christ, that they would be happy in eternity. Let them therefore own God together, and God would take and keep them. He believed none of them were yet sensible of the loss they had sustained, but they had confidence in the confidence their departed brother had in Christ, and he believed that he was lifted up where they would see him again. They would take and deposit the body in the grave feeling that the spirit had gone to the Lord himself who was Lord of all, of the dead and the living. A hymn was then sung and prayer was offered by Mr. Harrison, and the service ended. The procession was re-formed, there being about 300 persons preceding the hearse, and at the cemetery the coffin was lowered into the family vault, and prayer was offered by Dr. H. H. Snell and Dr. Davy. Two of the children of Mr. Luther Stanley placed beautiful wreaths at the entrance, and the sad ceremony terminated. Mr. Arnett was the undertaker, and Mr. J. Moorhouse supplied the hearse and mourning coaches.

Der Leeds Mercury fasste sich kürzer, wusste aber noch einige neue Einzelheiten zu berichten (auch wenn er sich im Blick auf Stanleys Gemeindezugehörigkeit nicht sonderlich gut informiert zeigte):

The Leeds Mercury, 4. April 1890, S. 8

Nachlass

Wie erfolgreich Stanley als Geschäftsmann gewesen war, zeigt sein Eintrag im National Probate Calendar:


Das angegebene persönliche Vermögen von £ 20.448 6s. 11d. entspricht nach heutiger Kaufkraft mindestens 2,258 Millionen Pfund (= ca. 2,635 Millionen Euro).

151. Geburtstag von Dan Crawford

Offene Brüder, , , , , , ,
crawford
Dan(iel) Crawford (1869–1926)

Eigentlich sollte dies ein Post zum 150. Geburtstag des schottischen Afrikamissionars Dan(iel) Crawford werden, aber bei der Vorbereitung stieß ich zu meinem Erstaunen auf die Tatsache, dass sein Geburtsjahr fast überall falsch angegeben wird: Sowohl die englische Wikipedia als auch das Dictionary of African Christian Biography als auch das Christian Brethren Archive als auch die Website Missiology.co.uk nennen 1870, aber tatsächlich wurde Crawford bereits am 7. Dezember 1869, also heute vor 151 Jahren, geboren. Das belegen seine Geburtsurkunde, von der mir eine Kopie zugesandt wurde, sowie der Eintrag in der Datenbank Scotland Births and Baptisms, 1564–1950. Auch Henry Pickerings Chief Men among the Brethren, dessen Daten sonst nicht immer zu trauen ist, liefert hier die richtige Jahreszahl.

Crawford wurde besonders durch seinen Buchtitel Thinking Black bekannt, der prägnant zusammenfasst, was die Grundlage seiner Missionsarbeit in Afrika war. J. Keir Howard schreibt dazu im oben verlinkten Artikel aus dem Dictionary of African Christian Biography:

In many ways he was far ahead of his time, as his books (Thinking Black and Back to the Long Grass) show very clearly. His approach to others was summed up in his words, “I am de-nationalized – a brother to all men; Arab, African, Mongol, Aryan, Jew; seeing in the Incarnation a link that binds us up with all men”. This attitude led him to an identification with the Africans and their culture that was not generally welcomed by his European associates at the time […].

Über Crawfords Leben liegen online bereits genügend Darstellungen vor (s.o.), sodass ich hier auf eine eigene Skizze verzichte. Stattdessen gebe ich drei Zeitungssausschnitte zu seinem Tod wieder, die ich bei meinen Recherchen im British Newspaper Archive fand:

1926-06-10 Evening Telegraph and Post, Dundee 6 (Crawford)
Evening Telegraph and Post, Dundee, 10. Juni 1926, S. 6
1926-06-11 Evening Telegraph and Post, Dundee 2 Here and There (Crawford)
Evening Telegraph and Post, Dundee, 11. Juni 1926, S. 2
1926-06-23 The Western Morning News 9 The Free Church Outlook (Crawford)
The Western Morning News, Plymouth, 23. Juni 1926, S. 9

150. Todestag von Christopher James Davis

Geschichte, Geschlossene Brüder, Großbritannien, , , , , ,
davis
Christopher James Davis (1842–1870)

Christopher James Davis, dessen Todestag sich heute zum 150. Mal jährt, stellt in mehrerer Hinsicht eine Ausnahmeerscheinung unter den (Geschlossenen) „Brüdern“ des 19. Jahrhunderts dar: Zum einen war er wohl der einzige prominente Schwarze unter ihnen, zum anderen war er mindestens ebenso sehr für sein humanitäres Engagement bekannt wie für sein geistliches.

Leben

Geboren am 23. April 1842 in Barbados als Sohn eines britischen Vaters und einer barbadischen Mutter, erlernte Davis zunächst den Lehrerberuf und war daneben als methodistischer Laienprediger aktiv. Bald schloss er sich jedoch den „Brüdern“ an. 1866 ging er nach London, um Medizin zu studieren; im April 1870 erwarb er in Aberdeen den Grad eines Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.).1 Nach einigen Monaten ärztlicher Tätigkeit im St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London sah er sich im September 1870 berufen, verwundete Soldaten im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg zu versorgen und die Einrichtung von Suppenküchen zu unterstützen. Bei diesem aufopferungsvollen Dienst infizierte er sich mit den Pocken und verstarb innerhalb weniger Tage am 27. November 1870 in Pont Maugis, erst 28 Jahre alt.

Sein Tod fand in der Presse breite Aufmerksamkeit. The Daily News brachte am 5. Dezember 1870 einen ausführlichen Nachruf von W. H. Bullock, der in mehreren anderen Zeitungen (auszugsweise) nachgedruckt wurde,2 und am folgenden Tag einen weiteren Bericht über seine Arbeit. Das medizinische Fachblatt The Lancet veröffentlichte am 10. Dezember einen kürzeren Artikel mit dem Titel „Le Bon Docteur Noir“, der ebenfalls in mehrere Zeitungen Eingang fand.3 Interessant ist die folgende Charakterisierung Davis’ aus dem Aberdeen Journal vom 14. Dezember 1870 (Hervorhebung hinzugefügt):

As is known to many of our readers, Dr Davis was a blythe, handsome-looking man, with exceedingly frank and affable manners. He possessed considerable ability, and graduated at the University here in the spring at the present year. He was perhaps best known in this quarter in connection with his evangelical meetings, and his able advocacy of the doctrines of Plymouthism. He took a very earnest and active interest in the welfare of the poor and degraded classes, during the time of his residence here as a medical student, and we know from thoroughly impartial testimony, was the means of doing a great deal of good. He did all this without in the slightest manner obtruding himself upon the notice of the public, and more than one good deed, which deserves to be proclaimed, was kept secret at his own express desire.

The Dundee Courier & Argus druckte am 15. Dezember 1870 Auszüge aus einem Brief ab, den Richard Chrimes, Organisator der finanziellen Unterstützung von Davis’ Arbeit in Frankreich, an die Spender geschickt hatte. Er schilderte darin die letzten Tage des Verstorbenen sowie seine Beisetzung am 29. November auf dem protestantischen Friedhof von Sedan, bei der – sicher ungewöhnlich für die Beerdigung eines Geschlossenen Bruders – drei Pastoren sprachen (darunter auch ein Deutscher).

Auch christliche Zeitschriften begannen sich nun für Davis zu interessieren. Im Mai 1871 machten mehrere englische Zeitungen auf eine Kurzbiografie in The Sunday at Home aufmerksam,4 und wenige Monate später erschien im Baseler Evangelischen Missions-Magazin (herausgegeben von Hermann Gundert) einer der ersten deutschsprachigen Artikel über Davis – unter dem nun geradezu sprichwörtlich werdenden Titel „Der gute schwarze Doktor“, der ihm in Frankreich beigelegt worden war. Dieses Lebensbild habe ich bereits 2017 auf bruederbewegung.de wiederveröffentlicht.

An weiteren online zugänglichen Informationsquellen über Davis sind u.a. zu nennen:

Schriften und Vorträge

In seinem kurzen Leben veröffentlichte Davis mehrere Broschüren und Bücher, die auf der Website STEM Publishing größtenteils digital verfügbar sind. Als Beispiele für seinen evangelistischen Verkündigungsdienst mögen hier einige Zeitungsausschnitte dienen:

1869-03-27 Berkshire Chronicle 5
Berkshire Chronicle, 27. März 1869, S. 5
1869-03-27 Reading Mercury 3
Reading Mercury, 27. März 1869, S. 3
1869-04-03 Reading Mercury 5
Reading Mercury, 3. April 1869, S. 5
1869-04-22 The Glasgow Herald 8
The Glasgow Herald, 22. April 1869, S. 8
1870-04-23 The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent 1
The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 23. April 1870, S. 1

Kritik

Dass Davis’ humanitäres Engagement in den Kreisen der Geschlossenen Brüder durchaus nicht auf ungeteilte Zustimmung stieß, berichtet Neatby in seiner History of the Plymouth Brethren (Hervorhebung hinzugefügt):

[Darby] once overheard a company of them discussing the recent death of Dr. Davis – a young coloured man, known as “the good black doctor,” who after qualifying in London as a surgeon lost his life from small-pox while attending on the wounded in the Franco-Prussian war. The work for which he laid down his life was deemed a sadly worldly piece of philanthropy by the zealots of Darbyism, and the group was actually discussing whether it were not by a judgment mingled with mercy that the young surgeon had been called hence. Darby broke in on the debate with an impatient, “Well, well, God has accepted his service and taken him home”.5

William Kelly war in diesem Punkt derselben Ansicht wie Darby:

I heard Dr. D[avis] censured (by the S[toney?] following in general) for going on behalf of the sick and of souls to Sedan. This I never did and I did not think it was for me, or for them, to judge.6

200. Geburtstag von William Collingwood

Geschichte, Großbritannien, Literatur, Offene Brüder, , , , , , , , , ,
collingwood
William Collingwood (1819–1903)

Besuchern der Website bruederbewegung.de ist der Name William Collingwood bestens bekannt: Seine Broschüre The Brethren: A Historical Sketch (1899), eine wichtige Darlegung des „offenen“ Standpunkts, gehört bereits seit dem ersten Tag zu unserem Download-Angebot (im „Brethren Archive“ gibt es inzwischen auch ein Faksimile des Originals).1 Größere Werke scheint Collingwood nicht publiziert zu haben (das CBA nennt nur noch das Büchlein Man’s Future, in God’s Word [1871] und zwei Separatdrucke von Zeitschriftenaufsätzen); sein Schwerpunkt lag auf einem anderen – und für „Brüder“-Kreise eher ungewöhnlichen – Gebiet: Er war Künstler, vor allem Aquarellmaler. Als solcher genießt er auch in säkularen Kreisen noch eine gewisse Bekanntheit; so ist ihm und drei weiteren Künstlern aus seiner Verwandtschaft die Website Collingwood Art gewidmet, auf der sich u.a. ein Lebensbild und auch einige Gemälde von ihm befinden.

Leben

Anstelle einer eigenen biografischen Skizze zitiere ich hier den von Roy Coad verfassten Artikel aus dem Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography:

Collingwood, William (b. Greenwich, London, 23 April 1819; d. Bristol, England, 25 June 1903). Watercolourist and Brethren leader. Grandson of Samuel2, printer to Oxford University. Collingwood was educated privately and at the Cathedral School, Oxford. He specialized in ‘baronial interiors’ and in landscape (especially mountain scenery, his chief love). In 1839 he settled in Liverpool, where he became a member of the academy, and was elected to the Royal Society of Painters in Watercolours in 1855. In 1844 he started a Brethren congregation, later building them a hall, and leading them for forty years. A close friend of George Müller, he moved to Bristol in 1890, becoming a member of the Bristol Academy. He was a friend of John Ruskin, his son being Ruskin’s private secretary and biographer; his grandson was R. G. Collingwood, the Oxford philosopher and archaeologist.3

Einige weitere Einzelheiten aus Collingwoods Leben überliefert das anonyme Kapitel über ihn in Henry Pickerings Chief Men among the Brethren. Erwähnenswert ist, dass er mit einer deutschsprachigen Schweizerin verheiratet war, nämlich mit Marie Elisabeth Imhoff (* 11. Juni 1826; † 16. Mai 18734), der Tochter eines Notars aus Arbon am Bodensee (Thurgau). Sie hatten die drei Kinder William Gershom (1854–1932), Sophia Ruth (1856–1937) und David (1858–1899).5

Nachruf

Collingwoods Tod im Jahr 1903 fand in den Zeitungen erstaunlich wenig Beachtung. Ich gebe hier einen (leider schwer lesbaren) Nachruf aus der Yorkshire Post wieder:

1903-07-03 The Yorkshire Post 8 Obituary (Collingwood)
The Yorkshire Post, 3. Juli 1903, S. 8

Anfänge in Herefordshire – und zwei (fast) vergessene Offene Brüder

Geschichte, Großbritannien, Literatur, Offene Brüder, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

brewer_edihAls ich 2001 über Percy Francis Hall zu recherchieren begann, schickte mir David Brady vom Christian Brethren Archive (CBA) in Manchester u.a. einen Artikel mit dem Titel „Early Days in Herefordshire“ zu, den auch das CBA nur in Kopie besaß. Er war dem Archiv zusammen mit anderen historischen Dokumenten der Brüdergemeinde Hereford übergeben worden und trug die handschriftliche Notiz:

Obtained from Rev. Morgan,1 Hereford Cathedral – source unknown – Printed 1893. Author: “C. B.”2

Da die Seitenzählung mit 84 begann, musste es sich um einen Auszug aus einem Sammelband o.Ä. handeln; im Katalog des CBA erhielt der Artikel daher den Vermerk: “Apparently extracted from a larger work.”

Der Autor ließ sich immerhin identifizieren, denn unter den Archivalien aus Hereford befand sich auch eine handschriftliche Version des Aufsatzes, betitelt „The Lord’s Work amongst Early Brethren in Herefordshire“ und einem gewissen Charles Brewer aus Leominster zugeschrieben.3 Entdeckt hatte beide Dokumente Harold H. Rowdon, als er für seine Dissertation recherchierte;4 von der Manuskriptfassung machte er in seinem Kapitel über Hereford reichen Gebrauch, nannte sie aber etwas kryptisch nur „Brewer’s MS“, ohne den genauen Titel und den Fundort anzugeben,5 was noch Jahrzehnte später immer wieder zu Anfragen an das CBA führte.6

Die Quelle

Welchem “larger work” die Druckversion entnommen war, blieb jedoch weiterhin unklar; Tim Grass bibliografierte sie 2006 in seinem magnum opus als “n. pl.: n. p., 1893”,7 und ich selbst schrieb in meinem 2013 erschienenen Aufsatz über Percy Francis Hall nur von einem “extract from an unidentified larger work”.8 Erst 2014/15 gelang es durch eine gemeinsame Anstrengung mehrerer Mitglieder des Brethren Archivists and Historians Network (BAHN), die Quelle ausfindig zu machen. Samuel McBride erinnerte sich, in einem Buch des Offenen Bruders Joseph Henry Burridge einen “well written account full of interesting and obscure information” über die Anfänge in Hereford gelesen zu haben;9 nachdem er seine Bibliothek konsultiert hatte, konnte er das Buch als The Christian Outlook: A Compendium of Papers on Various Aspects of Christian Life and Doctrine, Glasgow (Pickering & Inglis) o.J. identifizieren.10 Auf den Seiten 84–95 war tatsächlich der Artikel „Early Days in Herefordshire“ von „C. B.“ abgedruckt – ein Befund, den Timothy Stunt unabhängig davon bestätigte.11

burridge_tco_titleEin halbes Jahr später hatte ich Gelegenheit, den Band The Christian Outlook bei einem australischen Antiquariat zu erwerben. Wie sich herausstellte, handelt es sich nicht eigentlich um ein Buch, sondern um zwei Jahrgänge einer Zeitschrift, die Burridge 1896 unter dem Titel Church Principles and Christian Practice begonnen und 1899 in The Christian Outlook umbenannt, aber bereits Ende 1899 (also nach nur vier Jahren) wieder eingestellt hatte. In dem undatierten Sammelband The Christian Outlook, der nach außen hin wie ein gewöhnliches Buch erscheint, sind – getrennt paginiert – der dritte Jahrgang von Church Principles and Christian Practice (1898) und der vierte, The Christian Outlook genannte Jahrgang (1899) enthalten. Das Inhaltsverzeichnis (auf der Rückseite des Titelblatts) erfasst eigenartigerweise nur Letzteren; der Artikel „Early Days in Herefordshire“ findet sich jedoch im ersten Teil, und zwar im zweiten Heft, erschien also ursprünglich im zweiten Quartal 1898 in Church Principles and Christian Practice.

Vorangestellt ist dem Artikel eine Einleitung des Herausgebers mit dem Titel „Early Days among Brethren“, in der es u.a. heißt:

The narrative referred to was written in 1893, but the wisdom of publishing it being questioned by some, it has been kept back. But the fact that the account of God’s ways with His people, and His mighty power and grace among them, as well as that of their failure, is often given in the scripture for the benefit of, and even to bring home the sin of, a succeeding generation, and that in some instances they are expressly told to tell to their children the works of God among themselves, influences us to publish it now, especially as it is in character with the object of this Magazine.12

Damit wäre auch die Jahreszahl 1893 erklärt, mit der die Kopie im CBA versehen ist: Es handelt sich nicht um das Erscheinungsjahr der Druckversion, sondern um das Entstehungsjahr des Manuskripts. Eine Neuedition der Druckfassung habe ich vor einigen Tagen auf bruederbewegung.de zugänglich gemacht.13

Der Autor

Wer war nun Charles Brewer? Das Buch Turning the World Upside Down, eine Missionsgeschichte der Offenen Brüder, weiß ein wenig über ihn zu berichten:

Born in 1826, as a boy of eight or nine years old he had heard his father read an account of the mission in Baghdad, its trials and tragedies. The effect never left him. Until he died in 1915 he used all his energies in the Lord’s work at home and abroad. In 1884 he moved with his wife to Leominster and lived in the very suitably named Perseverance Road. To stir up missionary interest, he addressed meetings in various parts of the country, published books, pamphlets, tracts, magazine articles, maps, prayer cards, postcards and collecting boxes.14

Einige weitere biografische Einzelheiten lassen sich per Internetrecherche ermitteln. Geboren wurde Charles Brewer in Worthing (Sussex)15 als Sohn des Lehrers Samuel Kilbinton Brewer (1782–1849), der anscheinend bereits Freikirchler war,16 und dessen Frau Sarah geb. Shackle (ca. 1789–1871). Charles’ beruflicher Werdegang war offenbar abwechslungsreich: Im Census 1841 erscheint er als “Bookseller”, 1851 als “Head Assistant Bookseller”, 1861 als “Sewing Machine Maker”, 1871 als “Agent”, 1881 als “Grocer Manager Tea Trade”, 1891 und 1901 als “Living on (his) own Means” und 1911 als “Retired Bookseller”. Als Wohnsitz ist 1841 Lambeth St. Mary, 1851 bis 1881 Liverpool und 1891 bis 1911 Leominster registriert.

1851 heiratete Brewer in Plymouth die etwa fünf Jahre ältere Rebecca Horlford (geb. in Devonport); 1853 wurde ihre Tochter Lucy geboren (die 1885 den späteren Needed-Truth-Mitbegründer Charles Mann Luxmoore heiratete17), 1855 ihr Sohn Charles Samuel. Nachdem Rebecca 1902 im Alter von 81 Jahren verstorben war, ging der ebenfalls schon recht betagte Charles Brewer 1904 eine zweite Ehe mit der aus Leominster stammenden, ca. 27 Jahre jüngeren Laura Marion Rogers ein. Am 11. April 1915 starb Brewer, wahrscheinlich in Leominster:

brewer_npc
Quelle: National Probate Calendar

Seine zweite Frau überlebte ihn um gut 22 Jahre:

brewer_lm_npc
Quelle: National Probate Calendar

Was die “books, pamphlets, tracts” angeht, die Brewer laut Turning the World Upside Down veröffentlicht haben soll, so besitzt das CBA nur einige wenige dünne Broschüren; am umfangreichsten ist noch das 32-seitige Heft My Book of Remembrance of Some Service & Work Done in Other Lands in the Name of the Lord, Leominster ²1909.18

Der Herausgeber

Noch weniger als über Brewer scheint bisher über Joseph Henry Burridge bekannt gewesen zu sein, den Herausgeber von Church Principles and Christian Practice bzw. The Christian Outlook. Roy Coad erwähnt ihn überhaupt nicht,19 Tim Grass nur einmal in Verbindung mit den Wiedervereinigungsgesprächen zwischen Offenen und Geschlossenen Brüdern Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts.20 Der Katalog des CBA verzeichnet immerhin eine namhafte Anzahl seiner Veröffentlichungen (darunter einige recht anspruchsvoll klingende Titel, z.B. God’s Prophetic Plan: A Comprehensive View of God’s Dealings with Man from Creation to the New Heavens and New Earth, 300 Seiten, oder Near Eastern Politics and the Bible: Science, Creation, and Revelation in the Light of Near Eastern Politics, 152 Seiten), und das Believer’s Magazine veröffentlichte im Juni 1941 einen kurzen Nachruf.21 Hieraus und aus verschiedenen Online-Datenbanken lässt sich in etwa folgendes Lebensbild rekonstruieren:

Joseph Henry Burridge wurde am 20. Januar22 1856 im Londoner Vorort Peckham23 in einfache Verhältnisse hineingeboren: Sein Vater George Burridge (1828–1907) war zunächst Landarbeiter24 und später Ziegelbrenner,25 und auch die beiden ältesten Söhne George und Joseph Henry mussten früh hart arbeiten – im Census von 1871 sind sie als “Bricklayers”, d.h. Maurer registriert. Joseph Henry scheint diesem Beruf aber körperlich nicht gewachsen gewesen zu sein, denn 1881 wird der erst 25-Jährige als “Invalid” geführt. In der Zwischenzeit hatte sein Leben freilich schon eine andere Wendung genommen: 1872 war er zum Glauben gekommen und hatte sich den „Brüdern“ angeschlossen, und bereits vier Jahre später – also im Alter von 20 Jahren – war er in den vollzeitlichen Dienst getreten.26 Im Census 1891 ließ er sich denn auch als “Evangelist” eintragen, 1901 als “Mission Preacher”.27 Sein Schwerpunkt war allerdings nicht nur missionarisch: Wie aus Zeitungsanzeigen und -berichten hervorgeht, hielt er oft auch apologetische Vorträge (z.B. 1888 auf Guernsey über die Gottheit Christi, 1890 in Portsmouth über den Katholizismus, 1929 in Preston über die Inspiration der Bibel) oder gab in längeren Vortragsreihen umfassende Überblicke über Heilsgeschichte und Prophetie (z.B. 1894 in Ilfracombe, 1897 in Bath, 1903 in Tunbridge Wells)28 – alles Themen, die auf ein intensives autodidaktisches Studium schließen lassen.

1894, im Alter von 38 Jahren, heiratete Burridge im Bezirk Barton Regis (Gloucestershire) die etwa sieben Jahre jüngere, aus Wells (Somerset) gebürtige Fanny White. Sie bekamen fünf Kinder: Ernest Leslie (1896–1948), Doris Eva K. (1898–1901), Irene Winifred (1900–1965), Margaret Mary (1901–1994) und Arthur Patrick (1904–1992). Das Ehepaar ließ sich zunächst in Bristol nieder (bis zu seiner Heirat hatte Burridge offenbar in der Region London gelebt); von etwa 1898 bis 1901 finden wir sie in Ross-on-Wye (Herefordshire) oder Umgebung (Linton, Walford) – was wohl den Kontakt mit Charles Brewer und das Interesse an den Anfängen in Herefordshire erklärt –, von etwa 1904 bis 1911 wieder in Bristol, ab 1912 in Weston-super-Mare und spätestens ab den 1920er Jahren in Birmingham, wo Fanny am 15. Februar 1937 im Alter von 74 Jahren starb.29 Joseph Henry wirkte weitere vier Jahre in großer geistiger und körperlicher Frische;30 sein Tod am 6. Mai 1941 war auf einen tragischen Verkehrsunfall zurückzuführen.31

burridge_npc
Quelle: National Probate Calendar

(Dass der Wert seines Nachlasses hier mit “Nil” angegeben wird, verwundert etwas; 1901 war die Familie immerhin noch so vermögend gewesen, dass sie vier Hausangestellte beschäftigen konnte.)

burridge_cpacp_1898_2In vielen seiner Veröffentlichungen befasste sich Burridge mit Gemeindefragen. Er galt als Offener Bruder der „alten Schule“ und wandte sich seit den 1890er Jahren gegen die Verengungstendenzen, die in der Needed-Truth-Gruppe mündeten, aber auch außerhalb davon weiterwirkten.32 Tatsächlich verstand sich gerade seine Zeitschrift Church Principles and Christian Practice als „Zeugnis“ gegen diesen „Irrtum“.33 In seiner wahrscheinlich letzten Schrift Church Theories among Brethren, um die Jahreswende 1940/41 entstanden, meinte er sogar bei Henry Pickering und William Edwy Vine Züge dieser Lehre entdecken zu können.34 Darüber hinaus geißelte er den sektiererischen Geist, den er auch unter den Offenen Brüdern wahrnahm:

In our ecclesiastical and party strife, our respective sects (and all Church parties – or party Churches – are sects) look upon each other as enemies, and cultivate the greatest of bitter feelings toward each other. […] And those sects who boast that “we have left the sects” (and there are many such) are the most culpable, in this respect of unchristian feeling. For they have some idea of the true centre of gathering, and (some of them) the unity of the whole Church, on the absolute side. And yet their rules, regulations and customs are deadly set against the practical manifestation of the same. They have no respect – not to say love or interest – for believers, or even the work of God, outside our [sic!] own boundary lines.35

burridge_edabMit der Veröffentlichung von Charles Brewers „Early Days in Herefordshire“ in Church Principles and Christian Practice über 40 Jahre zuvor hatte er ebenfalls eine erzieherische Absicht verfolgt:

Let us seek to emulate the simplicity and devotedness of the early brethren to whom God revealed so much that is matter of common knowledge to us. Let us also seek to avoid the evils which so soon marred the testimony to the truth thus revealed, and judge the cause of it in ourselves. To this end we shall be glad to receive any true and unbiased accounts of the work of God in recovering to His people truth that had been long lost to the Church, yet clearly taught in His Word, and its immediate effect upon those who received it. But prejudiced accounts which have as their object the vindication of one party of brethren as against another, will not be in harmony with our object.36

Weitere historische Berichte dieser Art erschienen trotz Burridges Aufforderung leider nicht. Die Auflage der Zeitschrift Church Principles and Christian Practice dürfte ohnehin nicht besonders hoch gewesen sein – heute ist sie so selten, dass eine Google-Suche nur einen einzigen Treffer liefert, und zwar diesen Blog! Auch das CBA besitzt nur den Sammelband The Christian Outlook, also wohl nicht die ersten beiden Jahrgänge der Zeitschrift. Vielleicht kann der vorliegende Blogeintrag ein wenig zur Wiederentdeckung dieser beiden nahezu vergessenen Offenen Brüder der zweiten und dritten Generation, Charles Brewer (1826–1915) und Joseph Henry Burridge (1856–1941), beitragen.

100. Todestag von Walter Thomas Prideaux Wolston

Geschichte, Geschlossene Brüder, Großbritannien, , , , , ,

1917-03-14 The Scotsman 6 (Wolston)

Diese Meldung erschien am 14. März 1917 in der Edinburgher Zeitung The Scotsman (S. 6). Das genaue Todesdatum des Verstorbenen war den Familiennotizen auf S. 12 derselben Ausgabe zu entnehmen:

1917-03-14 The Scotsman 12 Deaths (Wolston)

Walter Thomas Prideaux Wolstons Lebenslauf ist durch die Kurzbiografien von Henry Pickering, Arend Remmers und John Bjorlie hinreichend bekannt und muss daher hier nicht wiederholt werden. Was keiner der drei Autoren erwähnt, ist der Name seiner Ehefrau. Die Zeitung The South London Press berichtete am 8. Juni 1878 (S. 11):

1878-06-08 The South London Press 11 (Wolston, Lean)

Mary Lean wurde im 3. Quartal 1842 in Plymouth geboren1 und starb am 25. November 1932 in Weston-super-Mare.2 Über ihren Vater Francis Lean (1795–1873) weiß George Henry Lang zu berichten, dass er noch am Abend seiner Bekehrung (und seines Übertritts zu den „Brüdern“) seine Position bei der Marine aufgab.3 (Vermutlich handelt es sich um denselben Francis Lean, der am 16. Juni 1849 einen Brief aus London an die Gemeinde in Bethesda [Bristol] mitunterzeichnete.4 Seine jüngste Tochter Ellen Teresa heiratete übrigens einen Sohn von Charles Henry Mackintosh.5)

W. T. P. Wolstons Schriften sind größtenteils auf STEM Publishing, einige Faksimiles auch im Brethren Archive und im Christian Writings Archive zugänglich.

150. Todestag von John Griffith(s)

Geschichte, Großbritannien, Offene Brüder, , , , , , , ,

Der Bruder, dessen Todestag sich heute zum 150. Mal jährt, gehört sicher nicht zu den bekanntesten in der Geschichte der Brüderbewegung; tatsächlich sind sich die Historiker noch nicht einmal über seinen Namen einig: Während Brewer1, Rowdon2 und Ouweneel3 ihn Griffith nennen, heißt er bei Beattie4, Langford5, Embley6, Coad7, Rawson8 und Stunt9 Griffiths. Diese Diskrepanz findet sich allerdings auch bereits in zeitgenössischen Nachrufen: Das Hereford Journal schreibt Griffith,10 die medizinische Fachzeitschrift The Lancet dagegen Griffiths.11 Selbst das offizielle britische Testamentsregister Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration kann sich nicht entscheiden und bietet beide Formen: „GRIFFITH otherwise GRIFFITHS“.12

hereford_bridge_street
Straßenfront des ersten Versammlungsgebäudes der „Brüder“ in Hereford, Bridge Street (Foto: Google Street View)

Wer war John Griffith(s)? Geboren wahrscheinlich 1799 in Wrexham (Wales),13 absolvierte er ein Medizinstudium und machte sich ab 1825 in Hereford einen Namen als talentierter Chirurg. Als 1837 durch die Predigt Percy Francis Halls eine Brüdergemeinde in Hereford entstand, schloss Griffith(s) sich ihr an und wurde bald einer der „führenden Brüder“ am Ort. Brewer schreibt über ihn:

Dr. John Griffith, the leading surgeon of the city, who threw open his heart, his house and his purse; he was an energetic man, full of love for the Gospel – would converse with his patients on their soul’s greatest need, keeping Capt. Rhind’s pictures of the Tabernacle on his consulting room table, explaining and enforcing the different teachings of the various parts. Some of his more wealthy visitors were offended and left, but soon returned because of his professional ability, so that his faithfulness was ultimately to him no loss.14

Beattie ergänzt:

For long years the good doctor was remembered as the great tract distributor, often throwing the Gospel messages out of his carriage as he went his rounds, which were by no means confined to the city. Of a kind and benevolent disposition, Dr. Griffiths had a hospitable heart of love for the people of God, and it is said that whenever a gifted brother came along he would invite brethren to breakfast to meet him; and as on Lord’s Day many would come long distances – some walking miles for the purpose of remembering the Lord in the breaking of bread – the doctor would have a cold luncheon laid out in a large room in his house for any – rich and poor alike – who cared to partake of it.15

Leider kam es 1849 zu Spannungen zwischen Griffith(s) und Hall:

Capt. Hall was a deep thinker and teacher, not having much fellowship with the direct Gospel testimony to the world, for he was not an evangelist of late years at least.16 Dr. Griffith on the contrary was an evangelist, and did not so much care for the deep teaching and wonderful expositions of Capt. Hall. The one was all for teaching the saints, the other was all for testimony to the world. Hence a growing coolness grew up between them, which culminated in an open rupture. Capt. Hall retired with his followers, and met in St. Owen Street, afterwards connecting the meeting with Mr. Darby’s.17

Griffith(s) und die urspüngliche Gemeinde in Hereford blieben in Gemeinschaft mit den Offenen Brüdern (denen sich auch Hall nach der Sufferings-of-Christ-Kontroverse 1866 wieder anschloss, allerdings nicht mehr in Hereford, sondern in Weston-super-Mare).

Ab 1852 begann Griffith(s)’ Gesundheit nachzulassen, sodass er seine berufliche Tätigkeit einschränken musste. Er starb am 2. Juni 1866, heute vor 150 Jahren, in seinem Haus in der St. Owen Street in Hereford. Das Hereford Journal widmete ihm eine Woche später folgenden Nachruf:18

DEATH OF JOHN GRIFFITH, ESQ., SURGEON. – The medical profession has lost one more of its most valued and skilled surgeons of this city. Mr. Griffith was the senior practitioner, and kept up a lucrative practice, extending from its commencement over 40 years. He succeeded his esteemed uncle, Mr. Griffith, who was Mayor of Hereford. The deceased has for a lengthened period suffered from physical debility, but while in good health he led a very active life, taking a leading part in most of the religious controversies of former days. He was a leading member of the Hereford Protestant Association, and was selected as one of a deputation to the Roman Catholics of Ireland. Some 25 years back he seceded from the evangelical party in the Church, and joined a new sect then springing into maturity, and familiarly designated the Plymouth Brethren. A diversity of opinion, either in discipline or doctrine, caused this new branch of dissent to sever themselves into two divisions. That difference of faith was never healed, and they in a turning point of time became separated and formed two “rooms,” where their tenets are regularly and systematically inculcated. We believe that Mr. Griffith, with his wonted energy, lent his purse and influence to the congregation which settled at the Barton. He had a peculiar habit of having long devoted himself to the distribution of religious tracts. We doubt if any single-handed gentlemen, at his own cost, ever gave so many thousand books and leaflets to the people in the highways and byeways as the deceased. His death occurred on Saturday last, to the regret of numerous friends, who knew how to appreciate his work and “labour of love.” The deceased was not married.19 The funeral took place on Thursday at the burying ground at the Barton, when a large congregation was present, the service being conducted by Mr. Mansel20 and Mr. Seward21.

Der Nachruf in The Lancet vom 30. Juni 1866 hebt naturgemäß mehr Griffith(s)’ medizinische Leistungen hervor, vermittelt aber ebenfalls einen Eindruck von seinem Charakter:22

Mr. John GRIFFITHS commenced practice in Hereford in the year 1825. Having passed his examinations four years previously, and made what was in those days the professional “grand tour,” he was appointed surgeon to the Hereford Infirmary, which post he held until 1839, and was specially noted for his operative skill. His health failed in 1852, and from that time he restricted his practice. During the latter years of his life he refused to see any new patients, though many old friends continued to avail themselves of his professional services to the last. He finally sank from renal disease, but never thoroughly rallied after an operation for calculus in the spring. He died on the 2nd of June, in the sixty-seventh year of his age. He was of an eminently original mind, somewhat brusque in manner, and a man of many whims; but his kindness of heart, his practical charity, and his unswerving rectitude, together with eminent professional skill, which gained him great local repute, will long cause his name to be remembered and respected.

Ein weiterer Nachruf auf Henry Craik

Geschichte, Großbritannien, Offene Brüder, , , ,
craik
Henry Craik (1805–1866)

Als letzter Beitrag in der Reihe über Henry Craik folgt hier noch ein Nachruf, der heute vor 150 Jahren in der Zeitung The Bristol Mercury erschien.1 Im Vergleich zu den eher allgemein gehaltenen Lobeshymnen in der Western Daily Press entwirft er ein wesentlich lebendigeres und differenzierteres Bild Craiks (einschließlich einiger Schwächen). Der Verfasser war Richard Morris (1813–1894), Baptistenpastor an Craiks Wohnort Clifton.

IN MEMORIAM.
THE REV. HENRY CRAIK.
By the Rev. R. Morris, Clifton.

Scotland has seldom given to the south a richer gift than that received in the life and character of Henry Craik. Scotch adventurers may be found everywhere, while her sons of toil, genius, and culture adorn every land; but in the career of our deceased fellow-citizen we have lost one whose adventurous spirit was controlled by a deep-toned piety, and whose ripe scholarship and unadorned eloquence of life and tongue made his presence amongst us of incalculable worth. Happily, in his case, he was a man of appreciated goodness and felt power. He was the last to desire a complimentary epitaph when gone, but the first to wish to hold a place after death in the memory and affection of the good and faithful.

We sincerely trust the memoir to be published of this esteemed servant of Christ will give to the public a definite and living portrait of his character. The events of his life were simple; they were neither startling nor unusual. By the side of his esteemed colleague, the Rev. Mr. Müller, it appears tame and unimpressive. The Orphan House and its christian missions have so striking an effect from their diffusive beneficence, and the thrilling report of their dependence and yet increasing progress, that the quiet ministrations of Henry Craik have almost escaped the attention of the public. But his life and character were full of incident and meaning. His character was unique, his life singular. They may be made productive of great good. Though dead, he yet speaks. We sincerely trust that the voice coming even from the grave will be listened to by many an obedient ear and loving heart.

We would respectfully urge the estimable man to whom his papers have been entrusted,2 rather to delay the memoir, than fail in infusing into the detail the genial spirit of our departed friend.

His appearance was at times almost grotesque, and but for a watchful home, we suspect it would have been as alien from the ordinary secular, as from the clerical garb. We have sometimes been with him when the broken umbrella, his faithful friend, and the oldest hat have, by mistake, been donned for the best attire. The collar of the coat was looking after the sleeves, and the necktie had comfortably nestled itself behind the head. When in such a state he had just come to the surface after a deep digging for a Hebrew root, or a dive into the depths of authorities to see whether the Keri of the Hebrew should be admitted into the text. His intense devotion to the study of the Scriptures made criticism a recreation, and in his most humorous, impassioned, or depressed moments it was never unwelcome. When amidst beautiful scenery, and affected almost to tears by its witchery, a passage of the Divine word would come to crown the scene. But with it would occur the readings and interpretations that reverence or enmity had ever suggested. Nor did this break the spell. If a critical friend was present, nature would have to wait, till the moot point was settled. Then the landscape came afresh, the more fascinating and beautiful that it had not rebuked his momentary forgetfulness of its charms. Poetry and sentiment at times lured, but never mastered him. He could enjoy the one and indulge the other. But they were recreations enjoyed, but not obeyed.

His unsuspicious nature and purity of character were without weakness, but not without peril. They exposed him to deception. When doubt of truthfulness was awakened, his watchfulness and resoluteness proved that his simplicity was only guilelessness, and his trustfulness the triumph of charity. He was ever ready to confide, slow to detect, but when deceived indignant in rebuke. Intentional deception he could not endure. To be acquainted with him was to respect him, and to know him was to love him. His trustful conversation, kindly fellowship, Scotch reminiscences, love of fatherland, English sympathies, devout spirit, made him, to the few, more of a model friend than he had been accepted by the many as a model preacher.

An oppressive sense of responsibility checked indulgence in mere literary pursuits, yet he found time to keep abreast of the current literature of the day, and watch with deep solicitude the phases of the controversies that were disturbing the Church of Christ. In some he took an active part, in nearly all a deep interest, and if he had lived, this winter would have witnessed his indignant condemnation of the modern attempt to create a church, or reveal a religion, without a creed. He had purposed a series of lectures to remonstrate against this attempt. While holding with an eager grasp the old standards of the evangelical faith, he grew in catholicity of spirit. His reading had become more liberal, his public services less confined, and his friendships more extended.

In his early life he had passed from the home culture and discipline of an estimable Scotch clergyman to a tutorship in the South of England.3 The education of home and of the University of St. Andrews had prepared him to do honour to his new position. He was highly esteemed, and still true to his early devotion to classical studies. An apparantly [sic] accidental association with Mr. Müller, gave young Henry Craik fitting opportunity for the revelation of his power. He became an earnest acceptable preacher of the Gospel. Adopting the views of the Baptists, his course was in the main prescribed. He did not join the Baptist denomination, but, with Mr. Müller, came to Bristol, and sought to establish a Christian Church. An open and unpaid ministry was the principle on which the attempt rested. They met with many suspicions and much opposition from the religious public. Both these honoured men, with instinctive wisdom, gave themselves mainly to work. The one to become the prince of our philanthropists, the other the model student and preacher. In each department success came.

Religious controversy was to them an unwelcome employment. Teaching, preaching, and working, their loved service. The small company soon became a formidable following. Generous and liberal helpers unexpectedly sprang up, and from the East the tribe travelled West, until Salem and Bethesda chapels became the accepted substitute for the name of a sect, and Ashley-down Orphan Asylum the evidence of a noble beneficent triumph. Faith in the Word was honoured in the chapels. Faith in the Work was blessed in the Asylum.

Of Mr. Müller we need not write. His monument time has already reared. Those structures of real magnificence, that form the home for nearly 2000 orphans, both conceal and reveal the nobility and simplicity of his character. His deceased friend claimed no such honour. His devotion was emphatically to the Divine Word. He laboured and watched to catch its very whispers, while his hearers received from his lips the fulness of its counsels, and the wealth of its revelations. Biblical words were to him as caskets. He suspected a jewel in each. He erred sometimes, but not often. The grammatical value, rather than the spiritual force of a passage, would captivate him. The form became more important than the principle it embodied. But these instances were few in contrast with the abounding of fruitful and sober exegesis. We would pass them by, if veneration for his memory did not demand an exact likeness of our friend. With these admissions, we leave Mr. Craik, confessedly, one of the very best commentators that Holy Scriptures ever had. Through him for thirty years their infinite variety and resource have ministered to the guidance and consolation of thousands of hearers.

We would confess our deep regret that he has left behind him commentaries on only one or two portions of the Scriptures. His independent criticisms on Alford, Bishop Ellicott, Tregelles, and Scrivener have been gracefully appreciated by these learned men, and they probably would share the regret that so successful a student and critic had not lived to record his matured judgment in a written commentary on the text. His work, however, is done, and the absence of the teacher should make the student the more solicitous, habitually to be taught of God.

As if impelled by some pre-monition of his approaching removal to his better home, he had long indulged the hope of visiting the scenes of his early days. The opportunity came, and he joined his honoured brother’s family, sojourning amidst the lake scenery of his native Scotland. To him, more than to many, such companionship, scenery, and associations would yield intense joy. A joy the purer, in that so much of Heaven would be blended with the scenes. But disease brought disappointment, and soon he was compelled almost to hasten back to his home at Clifton. From this there was one continuous descent to the grave. A long and painful illness ensued. Loving hearts and medical skill and care joined to stay the hour of departure. He himself had the impression that his work was not yet done. To his honoured brother, with another friend present in this chamber of sanctified affliction, he expressed the wish that he might yet bear the fruits of bygone labours into the earthly storehouse of his great Master. His desire seemed natural. Such stores as he possessed could not, in human seeming, be spared. They were more needful for earth than heaven. But not so was the decree of infinite wisdom and love. By such discipline are we taught that though God puts such treasure in earthen vessels, the vessels are not the treasure. They may be broken, but the riches remain.

The last days of our departed friend were those of suffering and exhaustion. Amidst all, peace reigned. His soul stayed itself on God. There was no exultation, but much tranquillity. Neither doubts nor distrust disturbed his last moments. All was peace. Once he said, as we were standing by his bed-side, “God’s presence is precious; I feel its value; it is my stay, my hope; but it is good to have about me and in my chamber those I love. I feel how merciful and kind it is of my heavenly Father to give us these objects of human affection and sympathy. I like their presence; they help and cheer me.” His beloved wife4 and dear daughter5 were moving about his tender heart, and soothing its sorrows, and assuaging its pains. They were ministering to his peace. And thus in them his keen eye of faith and love saw his Lord. They to him were gracious and needed gifts from His hand. The last words addressed to us when passing round his bed of langour and pain were, “Dear M—, when you hear it is all over, give God thanks.” These words followed us. They enjoined a duty we knew to be well nigh impossible to obey. It would require great resignation and faith to praise God for taking away such a man and such a life as Henry Craik’s. But we have learned already that often an apparent loss is a great gain. To him this must be, and to us it may be true. We may, then, calmly say, “The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord.” It is all over; let us give God thanks.

He was carried to the grave on Tuesday, amidst the sorrows and regrets of thousands. Whether by design we know not, but with marked propriety the Cathedral bell was tolling as the funeral passed through College-green; and in Bath-street the shops and offices of the Jewish merchants and traders were partially closed. The day was gloomy; the very heavens seemed to sympathise with the sorrowing crowd. A long line of carriages and mourners followed the remains to the cemetery, and there thousands were waiting the interment. Among them were nearly all the Baptist and Independent ministers in the city. A clergyman, Mr. Doudney, was present. Two brethren officiated, and gave utterance to the sympathy and sorrow that prevailed. All was genuine. Each seemed to be bearing a heavy burthen. It was felt to be a time to mourn and weep. A master in Israel had fallen. But the sorrow was not as those without hope, for all felt, “Blessed are the dead that die in the Lord.”

Bristol has lost many citizens and benefactors during these last twenty years; the broken columns and massive monuments of our cemetery tell of losses that no language can express. But of all, none surpass that which has been sustained by the church and the world in the death of Henry Craik. Neither mural tablet nor marble monument is needed to perpetuate his name. A multitude now and many hereafter will trace their likeness to Christ to his ministration. It will be increasingly seen how largely the Divine Spirit used him to awaken to life and mould into spiritual beauty the new creature in Christ Jesus. And in the impress of the Lord stamped on the new character, shall be traced the faithful work of the under-servant who laboured for such a joy and such a reward. “They that turn many to righteousness shall shine as the stars for ever and ever.”

Let us breathe the prayer that we may follow in his steps, so that “to live may be Christ, to die gain.”

Redland, February 5, 1866.